tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58839356547609288002024-03-13T22:18:01.907-07:00Belajar Bahasa InggrisMiss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-31947946573219812772011-05-01T14:35:00.000-07:002011-05-01T14:35:04.726-07:00KIAT SUKSES BELAJAR DI PERGURUAN TINGGI : Upaya Peningkatan Motivasi dan Penerapan Metode Belajar yang Efektif Oleh : Dr. Pudji Muljono (Dosen IPB Bogor)<div style="text-align: justify;">Pendahuluan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Seorang mahasiswa yang mulai melangkahkan kakinya masuk ruang kuliah, biasanya</div><div style="text-align: justify;">disertai dengan semangat belajar yang tinggi. Ia mempunyai cita-cita ingin berhasil dengan gemilang</div><div style="text-align: justify;">dan dapat menyelesaikan studinya dengan cepat. Ia merasa berbahagia karena cita-cita menjadi</div><div style="text-align: justify;">mahasiswa telah tercapai. Tetapi setelah beberapa waktu mengikuti kuliah dengan tekun, maka</div><div style="text-align: justify;">mulailah terasa bahwa belajar di perguruan tinggi bukanlah pekerjaan yang mudah. Banyak</div><div style="text-align: justify;">kegagalan-kegagalan yang dialaminya, sehingga akhirnya banyak mahasiswa yang gagal di tengah</div><div style="text-align: justify;">jalan. Tidak mampu melanjutkan studinya. Cita-citanya menjadi sarjana tidak tercapai. Oleh karena</div><div style="text-align: justify;">itu, apakah sebenarnya yang menyebabkan kegagalan-kegagalan ini? Banyak faktor yang</div><div style="text-align: justify;">menyebabkannya, salah satu di antaranya adalah kurangnya motivasi belajar dan kurang dipahaminya</div><div style="text-align: justify;">metode atau strategi mahasiswa dalam belajar di perguruan tinggi.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Belajar di perguruan tinggi adalah suatu pekerjaan yang berat, dan belajar di perguruan tinggi</div><div style="text-align: justify;">sangat berbeda dengan belajar di sekolah menengah. Tanggung jawab belajar hampir seluruhnya</div><div style="text-align: justify;">dipercayakan pada para mahasiswa. Pengajar atau dosen hanya memberikan dasar-dasar</div><div style="text-align: justify;">pengetahuan saja. Oleh karena itu, pada mahasiswa dituntut adanya sikap dan perilaku yang benar</div><div style="text-align: justify;">dalam belajar. Salah satu hal yang penting ketika belajar di perguruan tinggi adalah perlu adanya</div><div style="text-align: justify;">motivasi yang tinggi pada diri mahasiswa untuk belajar.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Belajar di perguruan tinggi merupakan kegiatan untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan,</div><div style="text-align: justify;">pemahaman tentang suatu hal, atau penguasaan kecakapan dalam suatu hal atau bidang hidup</div><div style="text-align: justify;">tertentu lewat usaha, pengajaran atau pengalaman. Hasil belajar adalah perubahan pandangan, cara</div><div style="text-align: justify;">berpikir, berperasaan, berkehendak cara kerja, dan keseluruhan perilaku hidup. Belajar merupakan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">salah satu kegiatan penting dalam usaha pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pribadi. Kegiatan belajar</div><div style="text-align: justify;">juga merupakan sebagai bentuk aktivitas mahasiswa berdasarkan keinginannya sendiri, sehingga</div><div style="text-align: justify;">pengetahuan tentang belajar lebih banyak dilandasi oleh karena adanya motivasi diri dalam menuntut</div><div style="text-align: justify;">ilmu atau belajar, karena motivasi berperan sangat penting dalam membangun prestasi dalam belajar.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Motivasi tiap orang untuk belajar di perguruan tinggi berbeda-beda. Motivasi sudah ada pada saat</div><div style="text-align: justify;">seseorang akan melakukan sesuatu, namun banyak yang tidak menyadarinya. Oleh karena itu, perlu</div><div style="text-align: justify;">kita mengetahui apa sebenarnya motivasi belajar yang ada pada diri kita sendiri serta metode dalam</div><div style="text-align: justify;">belajar yang harus kita terapkan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Mahasiswa belajar di perguruan tinggi karena didorong oleh kekuatan mentalnya. Kekuatan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">mental itu berupa keinginan, perhatian, kemauan, atau cita-cita. Kekuatan mental tersebut dapat</div><div style="text-align: justify;">tergolong rendah atau tinggi. Para ahli psikologi pendidikan menyebutkan bahwa kekuatan mental</div><div style="text-align: justify;">yang mendorong terjadinya belajar disebut sebagai motivasi belajar. Motivasi dipandang sebagai</div><div style="text-align: justify;">dorongan mental yang menggerakkan dan mengarahkan perilaku manusia, termasuk perilaku belajar.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dalam motivasi terkandung adanya keinginan yang mengaktifkan, menggerakkan, menyalurkan, dan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">mengarahkan sikap dan perilaku individu belajar ( Koeswara, 1989). Sementara itu, metode adalah</div><div style="text-align: justify;">berupa urutan langkah-langkah dan tahap-tahap tindakan untuk melaksanakan atau mengerjakan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">sesuatu secara efisien,lancar, dan efektif, mendatangkan hasil yang diharapkan, sehingga metode</div><div style="text-align: justify;">belajar adalah cara-cara untuk memahami, menguasai, menyerap, mengingat informasi, pengetahuan,</div><div style="text-align: justify;">dan menguasai kecakapan baik secara dalam arti efisien maupun efektif. Metode belajar yang baik</div><div style="text-align: justify;">dapat membantu orang belajar secara poduktif; dimana informasi, pengetahuan dan kecakapan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">dikembangkan dan dimanfaatkan untuk hidup bagi kerja pribadi dan kesejahteraan orang lain.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">2</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Apa itu Motivasi Belajar ?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Kata motif atau dalam bahasa Inggris “motive” berasal dari kata “motion” yang bersumber</div><div style="text-align: justify;">pada perkataan bahasa latin “movere” yang berarti bergerak. Motif adalah daya gerak yang mencakup</div><div style="text-align: justify;">dorongan, alasan, dan kemauan yang timbul dari dalam seseorang yang menyebabkan berbuat</div><div style="text-align: justify;">sesuatu (Efendy, 1981). Menurut Kartono (1995), motif merupakan dorongan yang mendasari dan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">mempengaruhi setiap usaha serta kegiatan seseorang untuk mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Berdasarkan pada kata dasarnya yaitu motif, motivasi yang ada pada diri seseorang</div><div style="text-align: justify;">merupakan pribadi seseorang yang mendorong keinginan individu untuk melakukan kegiatan-kegiatan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">tertentu guna mencapai tujuan. Dalam hal belajar hendaknya mahasiswa mempunyai motif belajar</div><div style="text-align: justify;">yang kuat. Hal ini akan memperbesar kegiatan dan usahanya untuk mencapai prestasi yang tinggi.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Bila motif tersebut makin berkurang, maka berkurang pulalah usaha dan kegiatan serta</div><div style="text-align: justify;">kemungkinannya untuk mencapai prestasi yang tinggi. Motif yang mendorong orang, pelajar dan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">mahasiswa untuk belajar antara lain :</div><div style="text-align: justify;">1. Mendapat nilai baik dan lulus dalam mata kuliah yang ditempuhnya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">2. Mencari pemuasan keinginan tahu tentang sesuatu hal, peristiwa, orang, masyarakat dan hal-hal</div><div style="text-align: justify;">yang tersangkut dalam hidup pribadi dan kemasyarakatan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">3. Mengembangkan diri agar wawasan bertambah luas, pengetahuan bertambah melebar dan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">mendalam, kepribadian lebih matang, kecakapan dan keahlian beranjak mahir.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">4. Mendapatkan status sebagai orang terpelajar dan serjana karena ijazah dan gelar akademik atau</div><div style="text-align: justify;">sebutan profesional, dan penghargaan dan kedudukan karena prestasi belajar itu.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">5. Mendapatkan bekal pengetahuan dan kecakapan untuk masuk ke masyarakat dan dunia kerja.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">6. Mengejar cita-cita, yaitu menggunakan kegiatan belajar di perguruan tinggi dalam rangka</div><div style="text-align: justify;">mencapai cita-cita hidup.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dari pengertian motivasi di atas maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa motivasi seseorang itu akan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">tergantung pada kuat lemahnya motif, yang diartikan sebagai kebutuhan, keinginan dorongan ataupun</div><div style="text-align: justify;">gerak hati dalam diri seseorang.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pentingnya Motivasi dalam Belajar</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ketiadaan atau kekurangan motivasi belajar membuat kita malas dan enggan untuk belajar,</div><div style="text-align: justify;">jemu dan ogah-ogahan dalam belajar, apatis terhadap bahan pelajaran, berat menghadiri kuliah, acuh</div><div style="text-align: justify;">tak acuh dalam membuat catatan kuliah, tak berminat membaca diktat atau buku teks wajib dan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">pengayaan. Orang yang termotivasi belajar, berminat terhadap bahan belajar, bergairah dalam belajar</div><div style="text-align: justify;">dan melaksanakan tugas-tugas studi, dan membangun sikap dan kebiasaan belajar yang sehat lewat</div><div style="text-align: justify;">penyusunan jadwal belajar dan melaksanakan dengan tekun. Oleh karena itu, motivasi belajar itu</div><div style="text-align: justify;">sangat penting untuk mahasiswa.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pentingnya motivasi belajar bagi mahasiswa adalah sebagai berikut :</div><div style="text-align: justify;">1. Menyadarkan kedudukan pada awal belajar, proses, dan hasil akhir.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">2. Menginformasikan tentang kekuatan usaha belajar, yang dibandingkan dengan teman sebaya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">3. Mengarahkan kegiatan belajar.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">4. Membesarkan semangat belajar.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">5. Menyadarkan tentang adanya perjalanan belajar dan kemudian bekerja secara</div><div style="text-align: justify;">berkesinambungan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Mengembangkan Motivasi Belajar</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dalam kerangka pendidikan formal, motivasi belajar tersebut ada dalam jaringan rekayasa</div><div style="text-align: justify;">paedagogis dosen, guru atau pendidik lainnya. Dengan tindakan pembuatan persiapan mengajar,</div><div style="text-align: justify;">pelaksanaan belajar-mengajar, maka dosen atau pendidik menguatkan motivasi belajar</div><div style="text-align: justify;">mahasiswanya. Sebaliknya, dilihat dari segi emansipasi kemandirian mahasiswa, motivasi belajar</div><div style="text-align: justify;">semakin meningkat pada tercapainya hasil belajar. Motivasi belajar merupakan segi kejiwaan yang</div><div style="text-align: justify;">mengalami perkembangan, artinya terpengaruh oleh kondisi fisiologis dan kematangan psikologis</div><div style="text-align: justify;">mahasiswa. Sebagai contohnya adalah keinginan anak untuk membaca majalah misalnya,</div><div style="text-align: justify;">terpengaruh oleh kesiapan alat-alat indra untuk mengucap kata. Keberhasilan mengucap kata dari</div><div style="text-align: justify;">simbol pada huruf-huruf mendorong keinginan menyelesaikan tugas baca.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">bersambung.....</div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-75749541543343172952011-04-21T01:14:00.003-07:002011-04-21T01:14:02.718-07:00"If" sentences<h2 style="color: #047391; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">english-at-home.com</h2><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">There are four main types of <strong>if</strong> sentences in English, often called conditional sentences.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">These sentences are in two halves, with the<strong> if </strong>part in one half and the other part where you can use words such as<strong>can</strong>, <strong>will</strong>, <strong>may</strong>, <strong>might</strong>, <strong>could</strong> and <strong>would</strong>.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">If + present form + present form</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"If you <strong>heat</strong> ice, it <strong>melts."</strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In this type of sentence, you could use <strong>when</strong> instead of <strong>if</strong>. It's always true that when you heat ice it melts. This is why this type of sentence is sometimes called a zero conditional.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">If + present form, + will, can or may</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"If I<strong> am </strong>late, I <strong>will</strong> call you."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"If you<strong> need </strong>me, you <strong>can</strong> call me at home."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"If it <strong>gets</strong> any hotter, we <strong>may</strong> have a thunder storm."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In these sentences (or first conditional sentences), there is a strong possibility that the first part (coming after <strong>if</strong>) is going to happen. The second part says what will happen as a result.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">If + past form + would, could or might</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"If I <strong>got</strong> a pay rise, I <strong>would</strong> buy a new car."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"If you<strong> left </strong>your job, you <strong>could</strong> travel around the world."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"If you <strong>were </strong>nicer to him, he <strong>might</strong> lend you the money."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In these sentences, the first part with <strong>if</strong> shows that the event is unlikely to happen. In English, we often use this type of sentence (called a second conditional) to talk about hypotheses, or imaginary future events.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">For example, "If I was President of the United States, I would change some laws." But I know that I'll never be the President of the USA – I'm just saying what I would do if I was in his/her position. Note: in American English, it is correct to use "if I <strong>were</strong>…" In British English, it's more common to say "if I <strong>was</strong>…"</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">If + past perfect + would/might/could have done</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"If I <strong>had revised</strong>, I <strong>would have passed</strong> my exams."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"If we <strong>had gone</strong> out earlier, we <strong>might have got</strong> to the cinema on time."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"If you <strong>had told </strong>me there was a problem, I <strong>could have helped."</strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In these sentences (or third conditional sentences), the first part of the sentence with <strong>if</strong> didn't happen. So there is no possibility of the second part of the sentence happening. I didn't revise, so I didn't pass my exams and there is nothing I can do about it now. English speakers use this type of sentence to show how things could have been different.</div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-46295813236656553952011-04-21T01:11:00.000-07:002011-04-21T01:11:36.542-07:00Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Masa Prenatal<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">BAB 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Banyak hal yang yang patut diketahui dari dunia anak, termasuk psikologi perkembangan anak itu sendiri. Perkembangan ini terintegrasi dalam beberapa fase, yang kesemuanya berkaitan pula dengan proses pertumbuhan seorang anak. Sebagaimana yang telah kita ketahui, antara suatu fase dengan fase yang lain berhubungan dengan sangat erat, dan fase yang berada sebelum fase yang lain akan memiliki pengaruh, besar maupun kecil, terhadap fase yang ada setelahnya. melalui pemahaman akan hal ini, dapat kita tangkap pernyataan tersirat akan pentingnya memahami rangkaian karakteristik tiap fase perkembangan dan menyediakan sarana guna mengoptimalkan keadaannya, yang mana sarana tersebut dapat diadakan di rumah, sekolah, atau lingkungannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Papalia, Olds, dan Feldman (1998; 2004) membagi perkembangan manusia ke dalam sembilan tahap, yakni: masa prenatal, bayi dibawah tiga tahun (<em><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">toddler</span></em>), anak-anak awal (<em><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">early childhood</span></em>), anak-anak tengah (<em><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">middle childhood</span></em>), anak-anak akhir (<em><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">late childhood</span></em>), remaja (<em><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">adolescence</span></em>), dewasa muda (<em><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">young adulthood</span></em>), dewasa tengah (<em><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">middle adulthood</span></em>), dan dewasa akhir (<em><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">late adulthood</span></em>).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tahapan perkembangan yang akan kami bahas dalam makalah ini adalah tahapan perkembangan masa prenatal, <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">yaitu tahap perkembangan sebelum kelahiran sewaktu manusia berada didalam kandungan ibu</span>. Masa prenatal ditandai dengan pembentukan sistem jaringan dan struktur organ-organ fisik. Proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya dimulai sejak terjadinya konsepsi, yakni pertemuan antara spermatozoa dengan sel telur yang akan menjadi calon manusia dan berkahir pada saat bayi dilahirkan. Masa ini berlangsung antara 180 sampai 344 hari lamanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 345.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penulisan makalah ini bertujuan sebagai salah satu sarana penyedia atau pelengkap informasi mengenai perkembangan individu pada periode prenatal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Masa Prenatal sebagai Masa Konsepsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perlu diketahui bahwa p</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ada masa-masa awal penelitian ilmiah tentang perkembangan anak yang dilakukan oleh para ahli psikologi Barat, perkembangan individu pada masa prenatal ini kurang mendapatkan perhatian bahkan cenderung diabaikan. Berkaitan dengan masa awal ini, penelitian-penelitan yang dilakukan oleh sebagian ahli psikologi cenderung dimulai dari periode bayi yang baru lahir dan mengabaikan periode pralahir. B</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">arulah pada pertengahan tahun 1970 muncul kesadaran bahwa mengetahui segala kejadian pada masa prenatal sangat penting untuk dapat memahami secara utuh pola perkembangan yang normal. Bahkan belakangan ini penelitian ilmiah telah menunjukkan fakta bahwa terdapat sejumlah pola perkembangan penting yang terjadi pada periode prenatal. Prenatal ini bukan sekedar periode khusus dalam rentang hidup manusia, tetapi ia merupakan periode yang sangat menentukan (Huclock, 1980).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jauh sebelum adanya perhatian dan pengakuan dari kalangan psikolog barat terhadap perkembangan individu pada masa prenatal ini, para psikolog timur telah lebih dulu menempatkan masa prenatal ini sebagai periode awal perkembangan individu. Dewasa ini para ahli psikologi perkembangan menyakini bahwa kehidupan manusia berawal dari sel sperma laki-laki dan sel telur wanita. Pada saat itu sel sperma laki-laki bergabung dengan sel telur wanita (ovum) dan menghasilkan satu bentuk sel yang telah terbuahi yang di sebut zigot.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dengan demikian dapat di pahami bahwa sel-sel sperma pria dan sel-sel telur (ovum) wanita pada dasarya memiliki daya hidup atau energi kehidupan yang di sebut hayat. Karena adanya daya tahan hidup ini pulalah yang membuat janin dalam kandungan dapat menjadi individu baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Semua ini memperkuat anggapan bahwa perkembangan dan kehidupan manusia di mulai dari masa prenatal yakni sejak terjadinya pembuahan sl telur (ovum) wanita oleh oleh sel sperma laki-laki dan bentuknya zigot.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Periode prenatal merupakan periode pertama dalam rentang kehidupan manusia. Periode pranatal dapat diartikan sebagai masa konsepsi atau masa pertumbuhan. Masa ini terangkai mulai dari masa pembuahan sampai dengan masa pertumbuhan. Periode prenatal ini ditandai dengan konsepsi (bertemunya ovum dengan sperma) dan diakhiri dengan kelahiran. Permulaan proses kehidupan dalam prenatal dimulai dengan bersatunya sel kelamin pria (<i>spermatozoon</i>, kalau banyak disebut <i>spermatozoa</i>) dengan sel kelamin perempuan (telur atau ovum, kalau banyak disebut ova). Hasil persatuan dua sel kelamin tersebut disebut zigot, mempunyai 23 pasang kromoson (pembawa sifat keturunan) yang berasal dari spermatozoon 23 kromoson, dan dari ovum juga 23 kromoson. Lamanya masa ini adalah kurang lebih 280 hari atau 9 bulan kalender ditambah sepuluh hari. Kadang-kadang lamanya masa ini dihitung dalam lunar months, atau bulan lunar maka dikatakan bahwa lamanya masa ini adalah 10 bulan lunar, Karena setiap bulan lunar lamanya 28 hari. Selama masa prenatal ini individu tidak hanya mengalami perkembangan fisik melainkan sekaligus mengalami perkembangan psikologis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Masa prenatal ini dapat dikatakan relatif pendek, namun memiliki peran yang amat penting, sebab:</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Pada masa ini ditetapkan segala sesuatu yang didapatkan dari warisan yang menjadi dasar bagi perkembangan selanjutnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Keadaan-keadaan yang menguntungkan di dalam badan ibu dapat memelihara perkembangan dari potensi-potensi yang di dapatkan dari pewarisan, Sedangkan keadaan yang kurang baik dapat menghambat ataupn merubah pola perkembangan yang akan datang.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Apabila dibandingkan dengan keadaan di dalam periode-periode perkembangan yang lain. Maka di dalam masa ini terjadi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan periode-periode perkembangan lain diseluruh kehidupan manusia.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4. Waktu ini adalah waktu dimana orang-orang yang berarti bagi sang anak menentukan sikapnya kepadanya. Artinya, masa adalah saat dimana orang tua menentukan sikapnya terhadap bayi yang akan datang. Sikap-sikap ini mempunyai pengaruh yang besar terhadap cara mereka akan menghadapi dia terutama dalam tahun pertama dalam kehidupannya dan cara tersebut sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan selanjutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.5pt 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ciri Perkembangan pada Masa Prenatal</span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Adapun ciri-ciri periode pranatal antara lain:<i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sifat-sifat bawaan dan jenis kelamin individu sudah ditentukan sejak konsepsi, dan berfungsi sebagai dasar bagi perkembangan selanjutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Baik buruknya perkembangan sifat bawaan, tergantung kondisi ibu yang mengandung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Banyak bahaya, baik fisik maupun psikis yang dapat mempengaruhi pola perkembangan selanjutnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Corbel; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Corbel; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terjadi perkembangan yang cepat dibanding periode yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Corbel; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Periode dimana orang tua <i>(significant persons)</i> akan menentukan sikap terhadap anak yang akan lahir</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">_dan </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Corbel; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">menentukan pola asuh terutama pada awal kehidupan.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.5pt .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tugas Perkembangan pada Masa Prenatal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tugas perkembangan adalah sesuatu tugas yang timbul pada periode tertentu dalam kehidupan seseorang.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Teori dorongan (motivasi) dikemukakan Morgan, bahwa segenap tingkah laku distimulir dari dalam. Bahwa motivasi adalah merupakan dorongan keinginan sekaligus sebagai sumberdaya penggerak melakukan sesuatu yang berasal dari dalam dirinya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Teori dinamisme mengatakan bahwa di dalam organisme yang hidup itu selalu ada usaha yang positif ia akan selalu mencari pengalaman-pengalaman baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kartono berpendapat bahwa ekstensi anak dipastikan oleh adanya : a) Segenap kualitas hereditas; b) Pengalaman masa lampau dan masa sekarang, dalam suatu lingkungan sosial tertentu dan sebagai produk proses belajar secara kontinyu.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Havighurst (1953). Mengemukakan bahwa perjalanan hidup seseorang ditandai oleh adanya tugas-tugas yang harus dipenuhi. Secara garis besar Havighurst menengaskan bahwa tugas-tugas perkembangan yang dilakukan seseorang pada masa kehidupan tertentu adalah disesuaikan dengan norma-norma sosial serta norma-norma kebudayaan.Tugas-tugas perkembangan dituntut adanya korelasi antara potensi diri dan pendidikan yang diterima nak, serta norma-norma sosial budaya yang ada.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tugas perkembangan pada masa prenatal, secara eksplisit, Hurlock (1978) menyatakannya sebagai masa dalam kandungan, termasuk di dalamnya masa konsepsi. Akan tetapi, Buhler dan Erikson tidak memasukkan masa prenatal ke dalam masa yang memiliki tugas perkembangan. Tugas perkembangan pada periode prenatal dapat dilihat melalui tahap-tahap yang ada di dalamnya. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Para ahli membagi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan masa prenatal ke dalam tiga tahap, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Tahap Germinal<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tahap germinal (praembrionik) merupakan awal dari kehidupan manusia. Proses ini dimulai ketika sperma melakukan penetrasi terhadap sel telur dalam proses pembuahan yang normalnya terjadi akibat hubungan seksual antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Pada tahap ini <i>zygote</i> terbentuk, kemudian bergerak ke bawah <i>tubafalopi </i>menuju rahim. <i>Zygote</i> ini merupakan sel tunggal yang kemudian akan mengalami perkembangbiakan menjadi dua sel identik. Sel-sel tersebut terus berkembang menjadi jutaan sel. Proses perkembangan <i>zygote</i> di dalam rahim ini disebut <i>blastosyst</i>. Bagian luar <i>blastosyst</i>akan menjadi plasenta, sedangkan bagian dalam akan menjadi embrio.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada minggu kedua, placenta mulai terbentuk. Bagian dalam sel memadat dan berkembang menjadi tiga lapisan yang disebut piringan embrionik (<i>embryonic disc</i>), yaitu: (a) ectoderm, lapisan paling luar yang akan berkembang menjadi kulit janin, (b) endoderm, lapisan paling dalam yang bakal menjadi organ-organ internal, seperti sistem pernafasan, sistem pencernaan, pancreas atau organ internal lainnya, (c) mesoderm, lapisan tengah yang berfungsi untuk memisahkan antara kulit dalam, otot-otot, tulang, sistem sirkulasi udara maupun pengeluaran lain (anus).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-highlight: yellow;">Zigote yang sudah menjadi calon makhluk hidup mulai menempel pada dinding rahim. Proses menempel atau melekatnya zigot pada dinding rahim setelah masa konsepsi dinamakan implantasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Tahap Embrio<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tahap embrio dimulai ketika zigot telah tertanam dengan baik pada dinding rahim. Dalam tahap ini, system dan organ dasar bayi mulai terbentuk dari susunan sel. Masa ini dianggap sebagai masa yang kritis karena bentuk fisik yang saat itu berkembang pesat dapat terganggu oleh kondisi yang kurang baik. Bila organism memperoleh perawatan intensif, maka ia akan berkembang menjadi individu yang normal, sehat fisik maupun psikis. Sebaliknya bila kurang memperoleh perhatian dengan baik, organism akan berkembang menjadi individu yang abnormal, baik fisik ataupun psikis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Diantara placenta dan bayi terdapat tiga pembuluh darah mirip tali panjang yang disebut tali pusar. Salah satu pembuluh ini berfungsi untuk mengangkut darah yang berisi sari makanan dan oksigen dari placenta ke bayi, Dua saluran yang lainnya berfungsi untuk melakukan transportasi darah yang berisi karbondioksida dan pembuangan dari bayi ke placenta. Jika kita mengikuti perkembangan embrio, kita akan menemukan setelah empat minggu, proses differensiasi mulai terjadi dimana sekelompok sel di dalam embrio mengubah dirinya menjadi bentuk organ tertentu yang lebih besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c. Tahap Janin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Masa ini memiliki pertumbuhan yang sangat cepat. Embrio yang berkembang menjadi janin sudah memiliki organ-organ internal (jantung, paru-paru, usus besar dan sebagainya) dan eksternal (tangan, kaki, jari-jari kepala) secara lengkap. Janin makin memanjang dan system organ tubuh berkembang semakin kompleks. Hal ini akan terus berlangsung hingga organisme itu matang dan siap untuk dilahirkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Periode Janin (akhir bulan kedua perhitungan menurut bulan sampai lahir)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terjadi perubahan pada bagian-bagian tubuh yang telah terbentuk, baik dalam bentuk/rupa maupun perubahan aktual, dan terjadi perubahan dalam fungsi. Tidak tampak bentuk-bentuk baru pada saat ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada akhir bulan ketiga, beberapa organ dalam cukup berkembang sehingga dapat mulai berfungsi. Denyut jantung janin dapat diketahui sekitar minggu kelima belas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada akhir bulan kelima, berbagai organ dalam telah menempati posisi hampir seperti posisi di dalam tubuh dewasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sel-sel saraf, yang ada sejak minggu ketiga, jumlahnya meningkat pesat selama bulan-bulan kedua, ketiga, dan keempat. Apakah peningkatan pada saat ini akan terus berlangsung atau tidak, bergantung pada kondisi di dalam tubuh ibu, seperti kekurangan gizi yang sebaliknya mempengaruhi perkembangan sel saraf terutama dalam bulan-bulan terakhir periode prenatal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Biasanya gerak-gerak janin tampak pertama kali antara minggu kedelapan belas dan dua puluh. Kemudian meningkat cepat sampai akhir bulan kesembilan di mana gerakan mulai berkembang karena penuhnya pembungkus janin dan tekanan pada otak janin pada saat janin mengambil posisi kepala di bawah di daerah pinggul dalam persiapan untuk lahir. Gerak-gerak janin ini berlainan macamnya, yaitu menggelinding dan menendang, gerak pendek atau cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada akhir bulan ketujuh, janin sudah cukup berkembang dan dapat hidup bila lahir sebelum waktunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada akhir bulan kedelapan, tubuh janin sudah lengkap terbentuk, meskipun lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan bayi normal yang cukup bulannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.5pt .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Faktor Pendukung Perkembangan pada Masa Prenatal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Para ahli psikologi perkembangan yang membahas mengenai perkembangan manusia selalu mengkaitkan istilah nature dan nurture. Dimana setiap perkembangan manusia dipengaruhi oleh interaksi dari kedua hal tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Konsep nature muncul dipengaruhi oleh aliran filsafat barat yang dikemukakan oleh Jean Jacquess Rousseau (dalam Stumpf, 1999). Ia menyatakan bahwa faktor-faktor alamiah mempengaruhi perkembangan kehidupan manusia. Istilah nature mengandung pengertian faktor-faktor alamiah yang berhubungan dengan aspek bio-fisiologis terutama keturunan, genetis dan herediter. Perkembangan manusia sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor keturunan. Sifat-sifat maupun kepribadian yang dimiliki oleh orang tua akan diturunkan melalui unsur gen kepada anak-anaknya. Bukan hanya yang bersifat fisiologis seperti: berat badan, tinggi badan , warna kulit, rambut, jenis penyakit, akan tetapi juga karakteritik psikologis yang menyangkut tipe, kepribadian, kecerdasan, bakat, kreativitas, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sedangkan konsep nurture dipengaruhi oleh aliran filsafat empirisme yang dikemukakan oleh John Locke. Melalui teori tabula rasa, Locke mengatakan bahwa manusia dilahirkan dalam keadaan suci, bagaikan kertas putih yang masih bersih, ia percaya bahwa baik dan buruknya perkembangan hidup manusia tidak dilepaskan dari pengaruh lingkungannya. Konsep nurture merupakan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan lingkungan eksternal, yakni: pola asuh, pendidikan, sosial budaya, media masa, status sosial ekonomi, agama, dan sebagainya. Seorang individu akan berkembang menjadi orang dewasa yang baik, mandiri, cerdas, dan bertanggung jawab, apabila ia berada dalam lingkungan hidup yang mendukung perkembangan tersebut. Lingkungan hidup yang buruk akan menyebabkan individu berkembang menjadi seorang pribadi yang tidak baik, bodoh, jahat, dan sebagainya. Berbagai masalah yang ditemukan pada tahap perkembangan masa prenatal dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Genetis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pertumbuhan setiap indivividu sudah terprogam sejak masa konsepsi yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetis. Perubahan panjang, tinggi, berat badan bayi akan terjadi secara otomatis karena pengaruh genetika (keturunan). Faktor keturunan lebih menekankan pada aspek biologis atau herediter yang dibawa melalui aliran darah dalam kromosom. Faktor genetis cenderung bersifat statis dan merupakan predisposisi untuk mengarahkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan seseorang. Kalau sejak awal orang tua memiliki karakteristik fisiologis yang sehat, maka akan menurunkan generasi yang sehat pula. Sebaiknya bila orang tua tidak sehat, maka keturunanya pun akan mengalami gangguan atau penyimpangan secara fisik atau psikis (Papalia, Old & Fieldman, 1998: 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Para ahli Psikologi perkembangan (Papalia dkk, 1998; Santrock, 1999; Helms & Turner, 1995; Haris & Liebert, 1991) mengakui bahwa aspek fisik maupun psikis seorang individu sangat dipengaruhi oleh unsur genetis, karakteristik tersebut akan nampak pada hal-hal sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1) Sifat- sifat Fisik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sifat-sifat fisik yang dapat diturankan secara genetis misalnya wajah, tangan, kaki atau bagian-bagian organ tubuh lainnya. Hal ini dapat terjadi pada anak tunggal maupun kembar. Bila orang tua memiliki suatu jenis penyakit tertentu seperti: tekanan darah tinggi, penyakit jantung, epilepsi, atau paru-paru, kemungkinan besar anak-anak yang dilahirkan pun mempunyai resiko terserang penyakit yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2) Intelegensi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kecerdasan yang dimilki orang tua akan dapat menurun pada anak-anaknya. Meskipun anak-anak tersebut diasuh oleh orang tuanya sendiri maupun oleh orang lain, sifat kecerdasan orang tua akan tetap menurun. Pandangan ini dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran filsuf naturalis dari Perancis, J.J. Rousseau yang mengatakan bahwa anak cerdas dihasilkan dari orang tua yang cerdas (Stump, 2000).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3) Kepribadian<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kepribadian merupakan organisasi dinamis dari aspek fisiologis, kognitif maupun afektifyang membantu pola prilaku individu dalam rangka menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungan hidupnya (Hall, Lindsay & Campbell, 1998). Sebagai organisasi yang dinamis, maka kepribadian akan mempengaruhi perubahan pola pemikiran, sikap, dan perilaku seseorang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Selain dipengaruhi oleh faktor interaksi dengan lingkingan hidupnya, kepribadian seseorang juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetis yang dibawa sejak lahir. Dari berbagai penelitian yang dilakukan oleh ahli psikologi perkembangan ditemukan bahwa baik kepribadian yang normal ataupun abnormal, pada dasarnya, diturunkan dari kedua orang tuanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gen yang terdapat di dalam nukleus dari telur yang dibuahi pada masa embrio mempunyai sifat tersendiri pada tiap individu. Manifestasi hasil perbedaan antara gen ini dikenal sebagai hereditas. DNA yang membentuk gen mempunyai peranan penting dalam transmisi sifat-sifat herediter. Timbulnya kelainan familial, kelainan khusus tertentu, tipe tertentu dan dwarfism adalah akibat transmisi gen yang abnormal. Haruslah diingat bahwa beberapa anak bertubuh kecil karena pengaruh genetiknya dan bukan karena gangguan endokrin atau gizi. Peranan genetik pada sifat perkembangan mental masih merupakan hal yang diperdebatkan. Memang hereditas tidak dapat disangsikan lagi mempunyai peranan yang besar, akan tetapi pengaruh lingkungan terhadap organisme tersebut tidak dapat diabaikan. Pada saat sekarang para ahli psikologi anak berpendapat bahwa hereditaslah yang lebih banyak mempengaruhi inteligensi dibandingkan dengan oleh ingkungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lingkungan memiliki peran yang besar bagi perubahan yang positif atau negatif pada individu. Lingkungan yang baik tentu akan membawa pengaruh positif bagi individu, sebaliknya lingkungan yang kurang baik akan cenderung memperburuk perkembangan individu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Seorang psikolog ekologis, Urie Brofenbrenner (dalam Papalia, Olds & Feldman, 2004) menyatakan bahwa lingkungan tersebut bersifat stratifikasi yakni berlapis-lapis dari yang terdekat sampai yang terjauh. Pengaruh lingkungan menjadi lebih kuat pada periode sensitif. Masing-masing pertumbuhan sistem organ atau anggota tubuh memiliki periode sensitif yang rentan terhadap pengaruh lingkungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Berbagai faktor eksternal tidak hanya dapat menyebabkan keguguran, namun juga ketidaksempurnaan dari bayi yang dikandung. Penelitian ilmiah menunjukan bahwa faktor eksternal atau lingkungan dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan pra kelahiran dan juga proses kelahiran. Agen eksternal yang dapat mempengaruhi ini disebut dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">teratogen.</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span>Teratogen adalah segala virus, obat-obatan, zat kimia, radiasi, atau agenlingkungan lain yang dapat membahayakan perkembangan embrio atau janin hingga menyebabkan kerusakan fisik, kebutaan, kerusakan otak, dan bahkan kematian. Selain teratogen, kondisi emosional ibu, asupan gizi dan usia ibu juga dapat mempengaruhi kehamilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karena itu, para ahli psikologis maupun medis berusaha keras untuk mengatasi dan membantu perawatan pada wanita hamil. Hal ini pun tak lepas dari peran dan tanggung jawab dari calon ayah dan calon ibu untuk bekerja sama menjaga kualitas pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi yang sehat secara fisiologis maupun psikologis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c. Interaksionisme antara Genetis dan Lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Untuk mencari titik temu perbedaan yang mencolok dari dua pandangan diatas, maka para ahli kemudian memadukan keduanya, sehingga terjadilah interaksi. Perpaduan antara faktor genetis dan faktor lingkungan menyatakan bahwa perkembangan seseorang tidak akan maksimal kalau hanya mengadalkan salah satu faktor saja. Karena itu, keduanya harus digabungkan untuk mengupayakan maksimalisasi perkembangan seseorang. Faktor genetis harus ditopang dengan faktor lingkungan dan faktor lingkungan harus memperoleh dukungan faktor genetis, sehingga memungkinkan perkembangan yang baik dan normal baik fisiologis maupun psikologis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.5pt .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Masalah yang Timbul dalam Perkembangan pada Masa Prenatal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.45pt; margin-right: 4.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Setelah menguraikan faktor serta pengaruhnya, secara singkat dapat disimpulkan bahwa masalah yang timbul pada periode prenatal ini, antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.45pt; margin-top: 4.45pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><strong><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Adanya Masalah </span></strong><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">fisik</span></strong><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.45pt; margin-right: 4.45pt; margin-top: 4.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada periode embrio membungkinkan terjadinya keguguran dikarenakan ketidakteraturan perkembangan begitu juga prematur, komplikasi pada saat melahirkan disebabkan oleh ketidakteraturan perkembangan. Hal-hal yang berpengaruh pada perkembangan pranatal adalah penyakit dan kondisi sang ibu, usia ibu, asupan gizi yang diperoleh, keadaan dan ketegangan emosional, pengaruh obat-obatan dan alkohol, bahaya lingkungan lainnya ( radiasi, polutan, toxoplasmosis, dll ).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.45pt; margin-top: 4.45pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><strong><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Adanya Masalah</span></strong><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Psikologis</span></strong><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.45pt; margin-right: 4.45pt; margin-top: 4.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kepercayaan hal-hal tradisional, seperti tentang bagaimana seseorang yang dapat meramalkan jenis kelamin anak yang belum lahir, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan kebencian dan kekecewaan yang terungkap dalam sikap yang kurang menyenangkan terhadap anak jika anak yang dilahirkan tidak sesuai dengan apa yang diharapkan, tekanan yang dialami ibu, seperti tidak menghendaki kehadiran anaknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.45pt; margin-right: 4.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sikap-sikap yang kurang menyenangkan di pihak orang-orang yang berarti mengakibatkan efek sikap pada anak. Sikap ibu dapat mempengaruhi bayinya yang belum dilahirkan melalui perubahan endokrin yang dapat terjadi apabila calon ibu menderita tekanan yang berat dan dalam waktu yang lama biasanya diiringi dengan sikap yang kurang menyenangkan. Sebaliknya, sikap – sikap yang menyenangkan akan menimbulkan keseimbangan tubuh yang baik dan hal ini akan menunjang perkembangan yang normal sepanjang periode pranatal. Dan perkembangan </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ognitifnya sudah dapat belajar dan mengingat sejak masa janin.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 4.5pt .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 4.5pt .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Upaya Mengatasi Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Masa prenatal merupakan masa penting yang harus diperhatikan secara serius. Keteledoran dalam perawatan terhadap bayi dalam kandungan akan membawa dampak buruk bagi pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya di kemudian hari. Setiap kondisi yang tidak baik selama periode kehamilan akan mempengaruhi perkembangan anggota-anggota tubuh dan seluruh pola perkembangan janin.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Adapun hal-hal penting yang harus diperhatikan dan dilakukan pada kehamilan antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Asupan Nutrisi dan Gizi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pemenuhan kebutuhan makanan sehat yang mengandung nutrisi, gizi, vitamin, protein, dan mineral selama kehamilan adalah mutlak dan tak dapat ditunda-tunda lagi. Bayi-bayi yang dilahirkan dari orang tua yang memperhatikan masalah ini ternyata membawa pengaruh positif. Ia menjadi bayi yang sehat, cerdas, lincah, dan mudah bergaul. Sebaliknya ibu yang selama hamiltak mau dan tak mampu memenuhi kebutuhannutrisi, ternyata menyebabkan bayi lahir premature, berat kurang dari 2500 gram, mengalami gangguan pernapasan, sulit bergaul dan taraf intelegensinya rendah (Berk, 1991:1993, Hetherington & Parke, 1999).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perilaku Hidup Sehat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Semasa hamil, seorang wanita hendaknya tak terlibat dalam penggunaan obat-obatan, kecuali dalam keadaan sakit yang memerlukan pengawasan medis dari dokter. Kelalaian dalam memperhatikan kondisi kehamilan yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan narkoba (narkotik dan obat-obat terlarang lainnya) akan membawa dampak negatif bagi bayi yang dilahirkan. Calon ayah juga diharapkan tidak mengkonsumsi alkohol, obat-obatan terlarang atau merokok agar tidak mempengaruhi kehamilan istrinya. Orang tua yang kecanduan narkoba akan menyebabkan kelahiran bayi prematur, keguguran, kematian bayi, intelegensi rendah, bahkan mengalami retandasi mental (Papalia, Olds & Feldman, 1998)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Konseling Pra Pernikahan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Konseling ini bertujuan untuk memepersiapkan calon pasangan suami-istri yang akan menghadapi berbagai masalah perkawinan, memelihara dan merawat anak, memenuhi kebutuhan ekonomi, dan melakukan komunikasi efektif antara suami istri.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Agar memperoleh keturunan yang sehat dan normal, maka kegiatan atau konseling menjadi sangat penting untuk diperhatikan dan dilakukan oleh setiap calon pasangan suami istri yang akan menikah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Konseling Genetik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Konseling genetik yaitu suatu konseling yang dilakukan agar mendapatkan kelahiran anak-anak yang sehat dan normal, serta menghindari kelahiran cacat fisik maupun cacat mental. Konseling sudah dilakukan di negara-negara maju seperti Jepang, Jerman, Kanada, Australia, dsb. Cara ini mencakup telaah yang luas dan terinci mengenai riwayat kesehatan suami maupun istri untuk menentukan apakah ada, kapan, dan dalam bentuk apa abnormalitas fisik atau mental yang terdapat dalam keluarga mereka. Kalau penelitian riwayat kesehatan menunjukkan atau menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat beberapa abnormalitas genetik dalam keluarga suami atau keluarga istri, atau kalau salah satu anak dalam keluarga mempunyai kondisi yang berasal dari keturunan dan dari pengalaman lingkungan, orang tua diberitahu tentang kemungkinan mempunyai anak cacat dan disarankan untuk menggunakan teknik-teknik keluarga berencana untuk mencegah kehamilan. Kalau kehamilan sudah terjadi, mereka disarankan untuk mempertimbangkan abortus/pengguguran.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 4.5pt .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="http://likeendt.blogspot.com/2011/01/psikologi-perkembangan-tahap-tahap.html">http://likeendt.blogspot.com/2011/01/psikologi-perkembangan-tahap-tahap.html</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><a href="http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/A%20-%20FIP/JUR.%20PSIKOLOGI%20PEND%20DAN%20BIMBINGAN/196211121986102%20-%20SETIAWATI/Masa%20prenatal%20-%20infancyx.pdf">http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/A%20-%20FIP/JUR.%20PSIKOLOGI%20PEND%20DAN%20BIMBINGAN/196211121986102%20-%20SETIAWATI/Masa%20prenatal%20-%20infancyx.pdf</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><a href="http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/A%20-%20FIP/JUR.%20PSIKOLOGI%20PEND%20DAN%20BIMBINGAN/196103171987032%20-%20AAS%20SAOMAH/Masa%20Prenatal%20dan%20Masa%20Bayix.pdf">http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/A%20-%20FIP/JUR.%20PSIKOLOGI%20PEND%20DAN%20BIMBINGAN/196103171987032%20-%20AAS%20SAOMAH/Masa%20Prenatal%20dan%20Masa%20Bayix.pdf</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><a href="http://www.psikologizone.com/masa-prenatal">http://www.psikologizone.com/masa-prenatal</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><a href="http://fithgallagher.wordpress.com/2010/09/30/karakteristik-perkembangan-masa-prenatal/">http://fithgallagher.wordpress.com/2010/09/30/karakteristik-perkembangan-masa-prenatal/</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><a href="http://www.infofisioterapi.com/info/masa-prenatal.html">http://www.infofisioterapi.com/info/masa-prenatal.html</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><a href="http://kuliahpsikologi.dekrizky.com/masa-pranatal">http://kuliahpsikologi.dekrizky.com/masa-pranatal</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Yusuf, Syamsu. (2007). <i>Psikologi Perkembangan Anak dan Remaja.</i> Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-3521194562616006112011-04-21T01:03:00.000-07:002011-04-21T01:03:44.504-07:00English Articles<h2 style="color: #047391; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://0.tqn.com/d/esl/1/0/h/a/the_an_a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="80" src="http://0.tqn.com/d/esl/1/0/h/a/the_an_a.jpg" width="320" /></a></h2><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In English, knowing when to use <strong>'a'</strong> or <strong>'the'</strong> can be difficult. Fortunately, there are rules to help you, but you need to know what type of noun you are using.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Grammar rule 1</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">When you have a single, countable English noun, you must always have an article before it. We cannot say "please pass me pen", we must say "please pass me <strong>the</strong> pen" or "please pass me <strong>a</strong> pen" or "please pass me <strong>your</strong> pen".</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Nouns in English can also be uncountable. Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as 'life', 'happiness' and so on, or materials and substances, such as 'coffee', or 'wood'.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Grammar rule 2</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Uncountable nouns don't use <strong>'a'</strong> or <strong>'an'</strong>. This is because you can't count them. For example, advice is an uncountable noun. You can't say "he gave me an advice", but you can say "he gave me <strong>some</strong> advice", or "he gave me <strong>a piece of</strong> advice".</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable. For example, we say "coffee" meaning the product, but we say "<strong>a</strong> coffee" when asking for one cup of coffee.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Grammar rule 3</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">You can use <strong>'the'</strong> to make general things specific. You can use <strong>'the'</strong> with any type of noun – plural or singular, countable or uncountable.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Please pass me <strong>a </strong>pen" – any pen.<br />
"Please pass me <strong>the</strong> pen" – the one that we can both see.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Children grow up quickly" – children in general.<br />
"<strong>The</strong> children I know grow up quickly" – not all children, just the ones I know.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Poetry can be beautiful"- poetry in general.<br />
"<strong>The</strong> poetry of Hopkins is beautiful" – I'm only talking about the poetry Hopkins wrote.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">More uses of articles in English</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Rivers, mountain ranges, seas, oceans and geographic areas </strong>all use '<strong>the</strong>'.<br />
For example, "<strong>The</strong> Thames", "<strong>The</strong> Alps", "<strong>The</strong> Atlantic Ocean", "<strong>The</strong> Middle East".</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Unique things</strong> have <strong>'the'</strong>.<br />
For example, "<strong>the</strong> sun", "<strong>the</strong> moon".</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Some institutional buildings</strong><i><strong> </strong></i>don't have an article if you visit them for the reason these buildings exist. But if you go to the building for another reason, you must use <strong>'the'</strong>.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Her husband is in prison." (He's a prisoner.)<br />
"She goes to <strong>the</strong> prison to see him once a month."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"My son is in school." (He's a student.)<br />
"I'm going to <strong>the </strong>school to see the head master."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"She's in hospital at the moment." (She's ill.)<br />
"Her husband goes to <strong>the</strong> hospital to see her every afternoon."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Musical instruments</strong> use '<strong>the</strong>'.<br />
"She plays <strong>the</strong> piano."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Sports</strong> don't have an article.<br />
"He plays football."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Illnesses</strong> don't have an article.<br />
"He's got appendicitis."<br />
But we say "<strong>a</strong> cold" and "<strong>a </strong>headache".</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Jobs</strong> use <strong>'a'</strong>.<br />
"I'm <strong>a</strong> teacher."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Countries</strong><br />
We don't use <strong>'a'</strong> if the country is singular. "He lives in England." But if the country's name has a "plural" meaning, we use <strong>'the'</strong>. "<strong>The</strong> People's Republic of China", "<strong>The</strong> Netherlands", "<strong>The</strong> United States of America".</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Continents, towns and streets</strong> don't have an article.<br />
"Africa", "New York", "Church Street".</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Theatres, cinemas and hotels</strong> have <strong>'the'</strong>.<br />
"<strong>The</strong> Odeon", "<strong>The</strong> Almeira", "<strong>The </strong>Hilton".</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Abbreviations</strong> use <strong>'the'</strong>.<br />
"<strong>the</strong> UN", "<strong>the</strong> USA", "<strong>the</strong> IMF".</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">We use <strong>'the'</strong> before <strong>classes of people.</strong><br />
"<strong>the</strong> rich", "<strong>the</strong> poor", "<strong>the </strong>British".</div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-32481658092130790662011-04-21T01:01:00.001-07:002011-04-21T01:01:32.551-07:00Frequency<h2 style="color: #047391; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</h2><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Here are some ways to say how often you do something.<br />
<span id="more-6"></span><br />
<strong><br />
always<br />
often / frequently<br />
usually / generally<br />
sometimes / occasionally<br />
hardly ever / rarely<br />
never</strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">For example, "I always drink coffee in the morning" means I drink coffee <strong>every</strong> morning.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Be careful of the pronunciation of "rarely". The "<strong>are</strong>" part of the word is spoken like the word <strong>air</strong>. The word has two syllables – 'rare' and 'ly'.<br />
</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Putting these expressions into a sentence</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">These words go before the main verb.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"She <strong>often goes</strong> to the beach in summer."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">They go after the verb 'to be'.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"He <strong>is occasionally</strong> late for meetings."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">They go after 'modal' or 'auxiliary' verbs.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"It <strong>can sometimes</strong> get cold in the UK."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"I <strong>have never</strong> been to the USA."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">'From time to time' is an expression that means the same as 'sometimes'. It normally goes at the end of a sentence.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">For example, "I go to restaurants <strong>from time to time</strong>."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">thanks to english-at-home.com</div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-24256042354779136892011-04-21T01:00:00.002-07:002011-04-21T01:00:48.362-07:00English Adjectives<h2 style="color: #047391; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</h2><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Knowing what is an adjective and what is an adverb is very important in English grammar. For example, the following sentences are typical mistakes, caused by confusion over the difference between adjectives and adverbs.<br />
<span id="more-2"></span><br />
"He works hardly." ("He works hard.")<br />
"She writes good." ("He writes well.")<br />
"It's a really problem." ("It's a real problem.")</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Adjectives</strong> describe nouns.<br />
"A good student."<br />
"A nice day."<br />
"He is interesting."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Adverbs</strong> describe verbs or adjectives.<br />
"He eats well."<br />
"She learns quickly."<br />
"I'm really tired."</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Problems</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">1. Some adjectives and adverbs have the same form.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"She's a fast driver." (adj)<br />
"She drives fast." (adv)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"TOEFL is a hard exam." (adj)<br />
"The students work hard." (adv)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"She has straight hair." (adj)<br />
"He went straight home." (adv)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">2. Not all adverbs end in -ly.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"She works well with others."<br />
"Eagles fly high in the sky."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">3. Some adverbs have two meanings.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Hard</strong><br />
"He works hard."<br />
"I hardly know him." (barely)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Close</strong><br />
"She sat close to the conductor on the bus." (next to)<br />
"I listened closely to what he said." (paying attention)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Dead</strong><br />
"You're dead right!" (completely right)<br />
"This snake is deadly – watch out for it." (fatal)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Fair</strong><br />
"He was fairly treated by the Immigration authorities." (justly)<br />
"It's fairly cold today." (quite)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Fine</strong><br />
"How do you feel? Fine." (well)<br />
"Finely chop the tomatoes." (in small pieces)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Free</strong><br />
"The english-at-home.com website is free of charge." (no money needed)<br />
"Children can play freely in this park." (no limits to their freedom)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>High</strong><br />
"We'll need to raise prices high in order to survive." (high prices)<br />
"I think highly of him." (a high opinion)<br />
"He's highly paid." (very well paid)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Late</strong><br />
"He arrived late for the meeting." (not on time)<br />
"There have been a few complaints lately." (recently)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Right</strong><br />
"She walked right up to him and demanded to see the manager." (didn't stop until she got close to him)<br />
"He rightly thought that he was going to lose his job." (correctly thought)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Wrong</strong><br />
"He wrongly told her that he had been promoted." (incorrectly)<br />
"This is spelt wrong." (incorrect)<br />
(You can only use 'wrong' when it's after the verb.)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">4. Some words that end in -ly are not adverbs, but are adjectives.<br />
For example, lovely, friendly, silly, lonely.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"She is silly."<br />
"She behaves in a silly way."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Her children are lovely."<br />
"He treated her in a lovely way."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">5. Some verbs are followed by adjectives.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"You look good today!"<br />
"This soup tastes nice."<br />
"He seems pleasant."<br />
"I don't feel very happy at the moment."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In these examples, you are describing the subject (such as 'the soup') rather than the verb ('tastes').</div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-69017216266467863042011-04-21T01:00:00.000-07:002011-04-21T01:00:14.291-07:00Time expressions in English<h2 style="color: #047391; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxx8xGgiD1MNbrjFW8T2EitDHI1F9iELLon47eTqPz7lwm2TchrtL2PZDy2ej2EKEwyBtyWyIlcQASOXyo-IM0gRnyui7aj_ThmTDqrki4aIgJzzrU62YPl_YJnQs5GYdSuf9jeeeFtGI/s1600/clock.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxx8xGgiD1MNbrjFW8T2EitDHI1F9iELLon47eTqPz7lwm2TchrtL2PZDy2ej2EKEwyBtyWyIlcQASOXyo-IM0gRnyui7aj_ThmTDqrki4aIgJzzrU62YPl_YJnQs5GYdSuf9jeeeFtGI/s320/clock.gif" width="320" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: normal;">There are many words and expressions to refer to time. You can use these to sequence events and to make stories and anecdotes more interesting.</span></h2><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">The present – permanent</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Use the present simple tense to refer to permanent situations in the present.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">I <strong>now</strong> live in a small town.<br />
<strong>Nowadays</strong> I live in a small town.<br />
<strong>These days</strong>, I don't have much of a social life.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">The present – temporary</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Use the present continuous tense to refer to temporary situations in the present.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>At present</strong> / <strong>At the moment</strong> I'm living in a small town.<br />
<strong>For the time being</strong> I'm living in a small town, but I hope to move soon.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Talking about a period of time in the past</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">My mother started work as a nurse in the 1960s.<br />
<strong>In those days</strong> she lived in London.<br />
<strong>Back then</strong> nurses were badly paid.<br />
<strong>At that time</strong>, nurses lived in special accommodation.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Talking about a single event in the past</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>At one time</strong> she lost her door key and had to stay in a hotel.<br />
<strong>On one occasion</strong> she nursed the son of a famous politician.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Sequencing events in the past</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">There are many ways to sequence events in the past. Here are some of the more common ones.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">After (in the middle of a sentence)<br />
Afterwards / After that / After a while (at the beginning of a sentence)<br />
Then / Before (in the middle or at the beginning of a sentence)<br />
Before that / Previously / Until then (At the beginning of a sentence)<br />
By the time (in the middle of a sentence followed by a past perfect tense)<br />
By then / by that time (at the beginning of a sentence)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">I went shopping <strong>after</strong> I finished work.<br />
I worked all day in the office. <strong>Afterwards</strong> / <strong>After that</strong>, I went shopping.<br />
I went shopping. <strong>After a while</strong>, I got bored.<br />
I worked <strong>before</strong> I went shopping.<br />
I went shopping at 6pm. <strong>Before that</strong> / <strong>Previously</strong> / <strong>Until then</strong> I had worked all day in the office.<br />
I worked all day, <strong>then</strong> I went shopping.<br />
I was desperate to go shopping <strong>by the time</strong> I had finished work.<br />
I worked until 6pm. <strong>By then</strong> / <strong>By that time</strong>, I was glad for the opportunity to go shopping.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Other expressions to refer to the next event in a story</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Later on<br />
Before long<br />
At that moment / Suddenly<br />
Meanwhile<br />
At the same time<br />
Simultaneously (a more formal way of saying meanwhile / at the same time)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">I worked and then went shopping. <strong>Later on</strong> I met some friends for pizza.<br />
I waited for a while in the restaurant. <strong>Before long</strong>, the waiter came up and asked me…<br />
<strong>At that moment</strong> / <strong>Suddenly</strong>, I heard the door slam.<br />
<strong>Meanwhile</strong> / <strong>At the same time</strong> / <strong>Simultaneously</strong> my phone started to ring.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">People who are no longer "around"</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">An ex-president = no longer the president: "The ex-president of France is still influential."<br />
A previous / former boss: "A previous boss taught me how to make presentations."<br />
"My former boss now works for a different company."<br />
My late wife = my wife who has died: "My late wife painted watercolours."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">english-at-home.com</div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-26222067764364784182011-04-21T00:58:00.001-07:002011-04-21T00:58:51.416-07:00Make and let<h2 style="color: #047391; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">from english-at-home.com</h2><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In English, the verbs "make" and "let" are followed by an object and the infinitive without "to":</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">They can't <strong>make you work</strong> late.<br />
She <strong>made him do</strong> the exercise again.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">She <strong>lets the students sing</strong> in class.<br />
<strong>His parents let him paint</strong> his room black.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Be careful:</strong> in the passive, "make" is followed by the infinitive with "to":</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>They were made to do</strong> the exercise again.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"<strong>Have</strong>" can also be used in this pattern:</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Please <strong>have your secretary call </strong>me as soon as possible.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">(Please ask your secretary to call me…)</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Other English verbs not followed by the infinitive + to</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Modal verbs (can, will, would, etc) are followed by the infinitive without "to":</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">I <strong>can see</strong> him clearly.<br />
They <strong>will leave</strong> early tomorrow.<br />
If I were you, I <strong>would talk </strong>to her.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">(Click <a href="http://www.english-at-home.com/grammar/changing-the-mood-of-a-sentence-modals/" style="color: #047391;">here </a>for more information on modals.)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>See / hear / watch someone followed by the infinitive without "to"</strong>:</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">She <strong>saw the girl steal </strong>the money. (She saw all the action of stealing.)<br />
I <strong>heard him tell </strong>her about the party." (I heard all about the party.)<br />
I <strong>watched them do </strong>the exercise. (I watched them complete the exercise.)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>But remember:</strong><br />
If you follow these verbs with the gerund form (ing), you only see part of the action.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">She <strong>saw him talking </strong>to the teacher. (She didn't see the whole conversation.)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">See also <a href="http://www.english-at-home.com/grammar/how-to-use-gerunds/" style="color: #047391;">How to use gerunds in English</a></div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-48526276094060720302011-04-21T00:56:00.000-07:002011-04-21T00:56:24.294-07:00Asking for directions in English<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrTXFTFsdHpyxetgfSMdu3zUthXHQPGNY8BWXqhuFCYhyphenhyphenoPtpScioldpf7fvN9aRiYj2zRTXHKEluMBA_v0o-UYlxY-xxfYw_blGzoGy-aU_pm_5PXMBAxDTMUFA_Frwv1XPwWELqlPR4/s400/275px-BearAskingDirections.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrTXFTFsdHpyxetgfSMdu3zUthXHQPGNY8BWXqhuFCYhyphenhyphenoPtpScioldpf7fvN9aRiYj2zRTXHKEluMBA_v0o-UYlxY-xxfYw_blGzoGy-aU_pm_5PXMBAxDTMUFA_Frwv1XPwWELqlPR4/s400/275px-BearAskingDirections.jpg" /></a><br />
<h2 style="color: #047391; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</h2><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Here is some useful vocabulary for asking directions in English.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Asking for directions</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"How do I get to your office?"</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Can you tell me the best way of getting to your office?"</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"What's the quickest way of getting to your office?"</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Where are you exactly?"</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Getting information</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Will you be coming by car or by train?"</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"It's much easier if you take the train."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Which hotel are you staying at?"</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">General information in English</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"We're not far from…" or "We're quite close to…"</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"It's about a mile / kilometre / two blocks from…"</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"We're opposite / next to / in front of / across the road from / round the corner from the supermarket."</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Giving directions in English</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Come off the motorway / highway at Junction / Exit 12."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"It's signposted 'Manchester'."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Follow the signs to …"</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"There's a one-way system in the centre of town."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Take the 'A12' to 'Chelmsford'."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Go straight on / left / right at the lights / at the roundabout /at the junction of … and …"</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Go past the supermarket."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"You'll come to / see …"</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"It's the first turning on the right after the bank."</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Use landmarks to help</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"You'll see a large sign / roundabout."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"On your left you'll see an industrial centre / a hospital / the police station."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Just after the level crossing / shopping centre (or mall)."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Go past the petrol station / the garage."</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><h3 style="clear: both; color: #047391; display: inline; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px;">Final tips</h3></span><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">If you're giving directions over the phone, remember to speak slowly to allow the other person to write things down.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Check that the other person has understood.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">If you're speaking face-to-face with someone, use your hands to show left, right, or straight on.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Use "please" when you ask someone to give you directions. It's polite, and will normally get you what you want!</div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-17346789823790479232011-04-21T00:53:00.000-07:002011-04-21T00:53:12.639-07:00DRAMATIZATION OF THE READING PROCESS DURING THE CLASS<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><b><br />
</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In this case, the text is “Drivers no Longer Allowed on Hoover Dam”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.improve-reading-skills.com/images/Bookladder.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="http://www.improve-reading-skills.com/images/Bookladder.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Te first activity that is done is predicting the content and outcomes. The teacher shows and introduces the text including the picture to the students. The students are asked about their prediction of the picture by comparing to the title of the text.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After constructing some predictions based on the picture and the title, the teacher asks them what the text will tell us. The students will actually answer <i>there is a new bridge built besides Hoover Dam</i>. Then, the teacher instructs the students to explain their reasons. The students explain<i> we can see in the picture, two persons are standing on the bridge look over the Hoover Dam.</i> The teacher moves to the next question, <i>in your opinion, what is the problem within the text? Why is the new bridge built?</i> The students answer <i>the Dam is now dangerous to be used</i> or <i>it is to keep the dam</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The teacher makes an instruction to the student to step deeper into connecting their background knowledge by asking, <i>based on your understanding, tell me what the author want in writing this text, or what the purpose is. </i>The students answer, <i>to give information.</i> The teacher then let the students to read the text carefully in 20 minutes and he asks, <i>so, after reading the text, can you tell me what the author wants to say to us?</i> The students explain: <i>the author tells us that there is a new bridge that lets the drivers bypass Hoover Dam. We know there was no bridge there before, but the dam is only two lanes wide, it winds around hills, and it was often backed up for miles, it will be dangerous to drive on it anymore. So, the bridge is the solution. </i>The teacher asks: <i>where did you get that information?</i> The students say: <i>those are in paragraph 1 first line, paragraph 2, and the third paragraph.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Now, the teacher asks: <i>Based on your comprehension, what was in the feeling of the author while writing this text?</i> The students answer: <i>he supports the bridge, even he is very proud of the bridge</i>. The teacher asks: <i>how can you know?</i> The students reply: <i>we can know by seeing the all paragraphs. Besides, he includes the statement of a figure who gives a compliment about the bridge in the last paragraph. </i>The teacher asks: <i>Do you know why he is like that, class?</i> The students reply: <i>it is because he feels and understands the advantages of the bridge.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The last step is teacher delivers the question: <i>Students, do you have the same opinion with the author related to his response to this case? </i>The<i> s</i>tudents said: <i>yes, we have. It is important to build that bridge in order to keep the dam in good condition and save the drivers.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-47354376320381394802011-02-03T17:05:00.000-08:002011-02-03T17:05:20.529-08:00The Gingerbread Man<div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Thanks to: the author of</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><a href="http://www.ceritaanak.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=137:the-gingerbread-man&catid=41:dongeng-berbahasa-inggris&Itemid=63">http://www.ceritaanak.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=137:the-gingerbread-man&catid=41:dongeng-berbahasa-inggris&Itemid=63</a></span></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Once upon a time, an old woman and her husband lived alone in a little old house. The couple had no children, and being lonely, the woman decided to make a boy of gingerbread. She carefully mixed the batter, rolled out the dough, and cut out out a very nice gingerbread man. She added sugar icing for his hair, mouth, and clothes, and she used candy chips for buttons and eyes. What a fine looking gingerbread man he was! The old woman put him in the oven to bake. After he was fully done, she slowly opened the oven door. Up jumped the gingerbread man, and he ran out the door saying,<br />
"Run, run, as fast as you can!<br />
You can't catch me!<br />
I'm the Gingerbread Man!"<br />
The old woman and the old man ran after him, but they could not catch him.<br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="Cow" border="0" height="150" src="http://www.ceritaanak.org/img/cow-chasing.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; float: left;" width="200" />And so the Gingerbread Man ran and ran. While he running, he met a cow.<br />
"Moo," said the cow. "You look very fine! Fine enough to eat!" And the cow started to chase to little man.<br />
But the Gingerbread Man ran faster, saying,<br />
"I ran away from an old woman,<br />
I ran away from an old man,<br />
And I can run away from you!<br />
I can!"<br />
<br />
And he laughed,<br />
"Run, run, as fast as you can!<br />
You can't catch me!<br />
I'm the Gingerbread Man!"<br />
The cow ran after the Gingerbread Man, but she could not catch him.<br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="Horse" border="0" height="158" src="http://www.ceritaanak.org/img/horse-chasing.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; float: left;" width="200" />The Gingerbread Man kept running, and soon he met a horse.<br />
"Neigh," said the horse, "You look mighty tasty. I think that I would like to eat you."<br />
"But you can't!" said the Gingerbread Man.<br />
"I ran away from an old woman,<br />
I ran away from an old man,<br />
I ran away from a cow,<br />
And I can run away from you!<br />
I can!"<br />
<br />
And so he ran singing,<br />
"Run, run, as fast as you can!<br />
You can't catch me!<br />
I'm the Gingerbread Man!"<br />
The horse ran after the Gingerbread Man, but he could not catch him.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="Chicken" border="0" height="187" src="http://www.ceritaanak.org/img/chicken.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; float: left;" width="200" />The Gingerbread Man ran and ran, laughing and singing. While he ran, he met a chicken.<br />
"Cackle, cackle," said the chicken, "You look fine enough to peck for dinner. I'm going to eat you, Mr. Gingerbread Man."<br />
But the Gingerbread Man just laughed.<br />
"I ran away from an old woman,<br />
I ran away from an old man,<br />
I ran away from a cow,<br />
I ran away from a horse,<br />
And I can run away from you!<br />
I can!"<br />
<br />
And so he ran singing,<br />
"Run, run, as fast as you can!<br />
You can't catch me!<br />
I'm the Gingerbread Man!"<br />
The chicken ran after the Gingerbread Man, but she could not catch him.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><br />
<br />
The Gingerbread Man was proud that he could run so fast.<br />
"Nobody can catch me," he thought. So he kept on running until he met a fox.<br />
He just had to tell the fox how he ran faster than all the others.<br />
<br />
<img alt="Fox" border="0" height="210" src="http://www.ceritaanak.org/img/fox.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; float: left;" width="210" />"Mr. Fox," he said,<br />
"As tasty as I appear to be,<br />
I cannot let you catch and eat me.<br />
I ran away from an old woman,<br />
I ran away from an old man,<br />
I ran away from a cow,<br />
I ran away from a horse,<br />
I ran away from a chicken,<br />
And I can run away from you!<br />
I can!"<br />
But Mr. Fox did not seem to care.<br />
<br />
"Why would I want to bother you?" asked Mr. Fox. "You don't even look that tasty. No, young man, I don't want to eat you at all."<br />
The Gingerbread Man was so relieved.<br />
<br />
"Well, indeed, Mr. Fox," said the Gingerbread Man. "If you don't mind, I think I'll take a little rest here." And the Gingerbread Man stopped running and stood still.<br />
And right when he stood still. Snap! went Mr. Fox's jaws right into the Gingerbread Man until he was gone.<br />
"He was very tasty after all," thought the fox.</div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-6853809280889573592011-02-03T05:19:00.003-08:002011-02-03T05:19:58.040-08:00What is Figurative Language?<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;">What is Figurative Language?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://degreedirectory.org/cimages/multimages/2/foreign_language.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://degreedirectory.org/cimages/multimages/2/foreign_language.jpg" /></a></div><span style="color: black;">Whenever you describe something by comparing it with something else,<br />
you are using figurative language. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
Simile<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;">A simile uses the words “like” or “as”<br />
to compare one object or idea with another to suggest they are alike.<br />
Example: busy as a bee<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
Metaphor<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;">The metaphor states a fact or draws a verbal picture by the use of comparison.<br />
A simile would say you are like something; a metaphor is more positive - it says you are something.<br />
Example: You are what you eat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
Personification<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;">A figure of speech in which human characteristics are given<br />
to an animal or an object. Example: My teddy bear gave me a hug.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
Alliteration<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;">The repetition of the same initial letter, sound, or group of sounds in a series of words.<br />
Alliteration includes tongue twisters. Example: She sells seashells by the seashore.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
Onomatopoeia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;">The use of a word to describe or imitate a natural sound or the sound<br />
made by an object or an action. Example: snap crackle pop<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
Hyperbole<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;">An exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true.<br />
Tall tales are hyperboles.<br />
Example: He was so hungry, he ate that whole cornfield for lunch, stalks and all.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
Idioms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;">According to Webster's Dictionary, an idiom is defined as: peculiar to itself<br />
either grammatically (as no, it wasn't me) or in having a meaning<br />
that cannot be derived from the conjoined meanings of its elements<br />
(as Monday week for "the Monday a week after next Monday")<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: red;">Clichés</span><span style="color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black;">A cliché is an expression that has been used so often that it has become trite<br />
and sometimes boring. Example: Many hands make light work.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.frostfriends.org/figurative.html#figurative language"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Figurative Language</span></a></span><span style="color: #606060; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 634px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 29.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="height: 29.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5883935654760928800" name="table"></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.frostfriends.org/figurative.html#metaphor"><span style="color: blue;">Metaphor</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 29.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Silken Tent<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 29.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Putting in the Seed<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 29.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Devotion<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 29.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> To Earthward<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 29.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> All Revelation<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.frostfriends.org/figurative.html#simile"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Simile</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mending Wall <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Stars<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Going for Water<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Birches<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Hyla Brook<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 29.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="height: 29.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.frostfriends.org/figurative.html#symbol"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Symbol</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 29.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Road Not Taken<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 29.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rose Pogonias<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 29.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Stopping by Woods<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 29.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Pasture & Directive<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 29.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Come In <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 32.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.frostfriends.org/figurative.html#personification"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Personifi- cation</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">My November Guest<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mowing<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Range-Finding<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tree at my Window<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Storm Fear<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 31.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.frostfriends.org/figurative.html#apostrophe"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Apostrophe </span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Take Some- thing like a Star<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tree at my Window<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mending Wall<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 31.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.frostfriends.org/figurative.html#synecdoche"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Synecdoche</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Stopping by Woods<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Gift Outright<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> I Will Sing You One-O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kitty Hawk<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Fire and Ice<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.frostfriends.org/figurative.html#metonymy"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metonymy</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Out, Out<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 30.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="height: 30.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.frostfriends.org/figurative.html#allegory"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Allegory or Parable</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 30.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">After Apple- Picking<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 30.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Grindstone<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 30.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Lockless Door<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 30.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Birches<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 30.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Design<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 31.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.frostfriends.org/figurative.html#paradox"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Paradox</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nothing Gold Can Stay<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The Gift Outright<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Ghost House<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Fire and Ice<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Tuft of Flowers<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 31.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.frostfriends.org/figurative.html#hyperbole"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hyperbole</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A Star in a Stoneboat<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Etherealizing<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">After Apple-Picking<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Stopping by Woods<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Milky Way is a Cowpath<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 32.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.frostfriends.org/figurative.html#understatement"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Under Statement</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Fire and Ice<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Mowing<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Hyla Brook<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">My November Guest<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Brown's Descent<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 31.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.frostfriends.org/figurative.html#irony"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Irony</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0%;" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Birches<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Range-Finding<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Road Not Taken<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Ghost House<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 17.0%;" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Stars<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5883935654760928800" name="figurative_language"></a><span style="color: #606060; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Figurative Language<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #606060; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Figurative language uses "figures of speech" - a way of saying something other than the literal meaning of the words. For example, "All the world's a stage" Frost often referred to them simply as "figures." Frost said, "Every poem I write is figurative in two senses. It will have figures in it, of course; but it's also a figure in itself - a figure for something, and it's made so that you can get more than one figure out of it." Cook Voices p235<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-3144000246752692632011-02-03T05:00:00.000-08:002011-02-03T05:00:59.072-08:00How to Make a Good Paper an Excellent Paper<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://akupunmenulis.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/thesis-paper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://akupunmenulis.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/thesis-paper.jpg" width="237" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The good paper is good, but the excellent paper is better. Besides making a good paper, it will be useful to make an excellent one. So, we must not only arrange the content of the paper, but also it is very important for students who want to have an excellent paper to know the firm grasp on the basic mechanics of writing and ways to fine-tune their papers stylistically. An excellent paper must have a solid and interesting thesis, effective organization, and flawless grammar and punctuation in its body. Hopefully, the following guidelines can serve big help to make an already good paper more stylistically mature and, therefore, it will be excellent and more enjoyable to be read.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">First guidance is we must pay attention to vary sentence patterns</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The key to interesting writing lies mainly in variety. Obviously, since a paper is comprised of a string of sentences, one of the best ways to lend a paper variety is to use different sentence structures. To do this, break from the normal pattern of <i>subject-verb-object </i>and try coordination and subordination. We have known that coordination is the joining of simple sentences to form compound sentences (using coordinating conjunctions like <i>and, but, or, for, nor, yet</i>), or the joining of similar elements of different sentences (e.g., combining the subjects of two sentences if they perform the same action). For example; changing<b> </b><i>Mrs. Whitesell teaches College Writing. She also directs the Writing Center</i> <u>to be</u><b> </b><i>Mrs. Whitesell teaches College writing, but she also directs the Writing Center</i>;<i> </i>(two simple sentences combined by but to form a compound sentence). In the using of subordination as the turning of a related sentence into an appositive phrase or dependent clause, we can change the sentence<b> </b><i>Brian Miller is a tutor at the Writing Center. He’s a funky guy </i><u>to be</u> <i>Brian Miller, a tutor at the Writing Center, is a funky guy</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Second, try to apply various word orders. We can also make sentences interesting by examining the pattern of words within each sentence. We must try to rearrange the usual order of <i>noun-verb modifier </i>to the upper level. For example, it is better to change the sentence <i>Steve Goldstein ran reckless and screaming from the tutoring room</i> <u>to be</u> <i>Reckless and screaming, Steve Goldstein ran from the tutoring room</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Besides, there must be varying diction. Diction is a fancy word for word choice. We can use language that is varied, interesting, vivid, and fresh. In short, we have to avoid writing tired words. It is important to avoid trite language:<b> </b>i.e., don’t use cliché phrases. For example;<b> </b><i>in an ideal world, writing tutors who are over the hill would retire before they were past their prime</i>. It is better to use; <i>ideally, aging writing tutors would retire before they lost their grammatical skills</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Furthermore, varying diction includes using interesting vocabulary, but we must be careful not to sound strained. For example; the words <i>correspondence </i>or <i>composition </i>is fine to replace <i>writing</i>; but the word <i>graphorrhea </i>is a little much. In addition, we must increase the using of active verbs and strong verbs to drab ones. For example; <i>Professor Jennings is in the English department at F&M </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>to be</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Professor Jennings teaches in the English department at F&M</i>.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The last, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">varying punctuation patterns can work wonders in a paper, so, it will be better to try straying from the repeated use of periods and semicolons to combine related independent clauses. We must try using colons to combine sentences of equivalent meaning, or using dashes to emphasize or subordinate a phrase. For example, we had better to change <i>Shaheen tutors in the evening. However, her club meets every other Thursday after dinner, so she was forced to compromise </i><b>to be</b> <i>Shaheen was forced to compromise when her club meetings — every other Thursday evening — conflicted with her work schedule</i> <b>or</b> <i>For Shaheen, a compromise was necessary: she could not go to work and attend the meeting at the same time.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As the conclusion, writing paper is not only about the content, but also the arrangement of the body. It is very common to find a good paper, but making a good paper is not enough, it will be better to improve it to be an excellent one in order to make it more interesting and enjoyable by examining or correcting its body by following the guidelines.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 150%;">SOURCE: E-book of Franklin and Marshall (Writing </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;">Centre</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 150%;">) </span></span></div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-42201202390226412562011-02-03T04:56:00.000-08:002011-02-03T04:56:16.615-08:00PERAN GURU DALAM MEMBANGKITKAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ZhlB3iyaUm8/S-9epF76aEI/AAAAAAAAAKs/_Cyj6Ydpops/s1600/teachers-plant-seeds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ZhlB3iyaUm8/S-9epF76aEI/AAAAAAAAAKs/_Cyj6Ydpops/s320/teachers-plant-seeds.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><b><br />
</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Oleh <b>M. Sobry Sutikno</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;">Pembelajaran efektif, bukan membuat Anda pusing, akan tetapi bagaimana tujuan pembelajaran dapat tercapai dengan mudah dan menyenangkan. - M. Sobry Sutikno - </span></div><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Motivasi berpangkal dari kata motif yang dapat diartikan sebagai daya penggerak yang ada di dalam diri seseorang untuk melakukan aktivitas-aktivitas tertentu demi tercapainya suatu tujuan. Bahkan motif dapat diartikan sebagai suatu kondisi intern (kesiapsiagaan). Adapun menurut Mc. Donald, motivasi adalah perubahan energi dalam diri seseorang yang ditandai dengan munculnya "feeling" dan di dahului dengan tanggapan terhadap adanya tujuan. Dari pengertian yang dikemukakan oleh Mc. Donald ini mengandung tiga elemen/ciri pokok dalam motivasi itu, yakni motivasi itu mengawalinya terjadinya perubahan energi, ditandai dengan adanya feeling, dan dirangsang karena adanya tujuan. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Namun pada intinya bahwa motivasi merupakan kondisi psikologis yang mendorong seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu. Dalam kegiatan belajar, motivasi dapat dikatakan sebagai keseluruhan daya penggerak di dalam diri siswa yang menimbulkan, menjamin kelangsungan dan memberikan arah kegiatan belajar, sehingga diharapkan tujuan dapat tercapai. Dalam kegiatan belajar, motivasi sangat diperlukan, sebab seseorang yang tidak mempunyai motivasi dalam belajar, tidak akan mungkin melakukan aktivitas belajar. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Motivasi ada dua, yaitu motivasi Intrinsik dan motivasi ektrinsik. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Motivasi Intrinsik. Jenis motivasi ini timbul dari dalam diri individu sendiri tanpa ada paksaan dorongan orang lain, tetapi atas dasar kemauan sendiri. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Motivasi Ekstrinsik. Jenis motivasi ini timbul sebagai akibat pengaruh dari luar individu, apakah karena adanya ajakan, suruhan, atau paksaan dari orang lain sehingga dengan keadaan demikian siswa mau melakukan sesuatu atau belajar. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Bagi siswa yang selalu memperhatikan materi pelajaran yang diberikan, bukanlah masalah bagi guru. Karena di dalam diri siswa tersebut ada motivasi, yaitu motivasi intrinsik. Siswa yang demikian biasanya dengan kesadaran sendiri memperhatikan penjelasan guru. Rasa ingin tahunya lebih banyak terhadap materi pelajaran yang diberikan. Berbagai gangguan yang ada disekitarnya, kurang dapat mempengaruhinya agar memecahkan perhatiannya. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Lain halnya bagi siswa yang tidak ada motivasi di dalam dirinya, maka motivasi ekstrinsik yang merupakan dorongan dari luar dirinya mutlak diperlukan. Di sini tugas guru adalah membangkitkan motivasi peserta didik sehingga ia mau melakukan belajar. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ada beberapa strategi yang bisa digunakan oleh guru untuk menumbuhkan motivasi belajar siswa, sebagai berikut: </div><div style="text-align: justify;">1. Menjelaskan tujuan belajar ke peserta didik. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pada permulaan belajar mengajar seharusnya terlebih dahulu seorang guru menjelaskan mengenai Tujuan Instruksional Khusus yang akan dicapainya kepada siwa. Makin jelas tujuan maka makin besar pula motivasi dalam belajar. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">2. Hadiah </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Berikan hadiah untuk siswa yang berprestasi. Hal ini akan memacu semangat mereka untuk bisa belajar lebih giat lagi. Di samping itu, siswa yang belum berprestasi akan termotivasi untuk bisa mengejar siswa yang berprestasi. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">3. Saingan/kompetisi </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Guru berusaha mengadakan persaingan di antara siswanya untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajarnya, berusaha memperbaiki hasil prestasi yang telah dicapai sebelumnya. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">4. Pujian </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sudah sepantasnya siswa yang berprestasi untuk diberikan penghargaan atau pujian. Tentunya pujian yang bersifat membangun. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">5. Hukuman </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Hukuman diberikan kepada siswa yang berbuat kesalahan saat proses belajar mengajar. Hukuman ini diberikan dengan harapan agar siswa tersebut mau merubah diri dan berusaha memacu motivasi belajarnya. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">6. Membangkitkan dorongan kepada anak didik untuk belajar </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Strateginya adalah dengan memberikan perhatian maksimal ke peserta didik. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">7. Membentuk kebiasaan belajar yang baik </div><div style="text-align: justify;">8. Membantu kesulitan belajar anak didik secara individual maupun kelompok </div><div style="text-align: justify;">9. Menggunakan metode yang bervariasi, dan </div><div style="text-align: justify;">10. Menggunakan media yang baik dan sesuai dengan tujuan pembelajaran </div><div style="text-align: justify;">*Penulis adalah Direktur Eksekutif YNTP for research and Development Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat – NTB (Tode Dasan, Desa Dasan Anyar, Kecamatan Jereweh, KSB)</div><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Hal-hal yang mempengaruhi rendahnya motivasi belajar siswa diantaranya adalah metode dan cara-cara mengajar guru yang monoton dan tidak menyenangkan, tujuan kurikulum dan pengajaran yang tidak jelas,tidak adanya relevansi kurikulum dengan kebutuhan dan minat siswa, latar belakang ekonomi dan sosial budaya siswa.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Maka orang tua dan guru perlu bekerja sama </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">untuk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"> menumbuhkan motivasi belajar anak. </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Untuk menghasilkan kolaborasi dalam rangka mencapai tujuan yang baik maka pola kerja sama antara ke duanya harus dirancang sedemikian rupa.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><a href="" name="komentar"></a><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">100 KOMENTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F9F9F9; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;">16.04.2007 00:31:13</span></div><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Terima kasih artikel Bapak menambah inspirasi saya untuk memahami bagaimana membangkitkan motivasi siswa. Meskipun demikian, perlu disadari bahwa peran guru yang hanya mampu memotivasi dari luar saja tidak bisa menjamin bahwa siswa juga akan termotivasi dari dalam. Efek dari motivasi luar pun juga sementara saja, alias kurang mendukung "long-term learning"-nya. Inilah yang menjadi pertanyaan saya, bagaimana mendorong dan melatihkan siswa untuk memiliki "long-term learning", selain juga mereka menikmati proses pembelajaran itu sendiri. Pertanyaan ini juga terbuka untuk yang lain.</div><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">P. YANU ARMANTO <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F9F9F9; margin-bottom: 13.5pt;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;">18.04.2007 19:50:06</span></div><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">Menurut saya, motivasi dari dalam siswa dapat dibentuk jika seorang guru/pendamping mampu membuat suatu pelajaran tersebut menyenangkan bagi siswa. Caranya bisa melalui permainan, simulasi, menonton film, interaksi langsung dengan alam, penggunaan media-media interaktif dan sebisa mungkin justru menghindari hukuman. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Hukuman tidak efektif untuk membentuk perilaku, jadi sebaiknya justru dihindari, lebih baik menggunakan sistem pujian atau hadiah. Hukuman hanya akan memberikan rasa takut pada siswa, padahal rasa takut adalah penghambat seseorang untuk belajar. </div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Jika pelajaran adalah menyenangkan bagi siswa tentu dengan sendirinya membentuk \'long term learning\', siswa memiliki motivasi untuk terus mencari tahu, untuk terus belajar. Tentunya kita juga harus memperhatikan bakat kesenangan masing-masing siswa dan tidak bisa menyama-ratakan bahwa semua siswa harus suka dengan pelajaran tersebut karena disitulah justru letak keunikan seseorang (individual difference). </div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Prinsip belajar yang menyenangkan ini secara psikologi sering diterapkan dalam berbagai metode seperti quantum learning, accelerated learning. Teori Thorndike juga mengatakan bahwa perilaku yang memberi efek menyenangkan akan terus diulang-ulang. </div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Namun setidaknya saya pribadi merasakan hasil dari pembelajaran yang menyenangkan dalam beberapa mata kuliah di kampus dulu. Dosen saya tidak memberi materi berupa ceramah atau catatan melulu, namun kami terkadang diajak bermain, diajak menonton film, diskusi di luar kelas, dan pada akhirnya kami boleh mempresentasikan materi-materi dengan cara kami sendiri. (*Tentunya pada bagian akhir kegiatan, dosen memberikan benang merah materi) Hasilnya beberapa materi masih temangsang di ingatan saya, begitu juga minat terhadap mata kuliah tersebut masih tinggi. </div><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">KENZ </span><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://blog.kenz.or.id/" target="_blank"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">http://blog.kenz.or.id</span></b></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Raymond J.W dan Judith(2004:22) mengungkapkan bahwa secara harfiah anak- anak tertarik pada belajar, pengetahuan, seni (motivasi positif) namun mereka juga bisa tertarik pada hal–hal yang negative seperti minum obat- obatan terlarang, pergaulan bebas dan lainnya. Motivasi belajar anak-anak muda tidak akan lenyap tapi ia akan berkembang dalam cara-cara yang bisa membimbing mereka untuk menjadikan diri mereka lebih baik atau juga bisa sebaliknya. Hal inilah yang harus diperhatikan oleh orang tua dan guru. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Tugas guru adalah membangkitkan motivasi anak sehingga ia mau melakukan serangkaian kegiatan belajar. Motivasi siswa dapat timbul dari dalam diri individu (motivasi intrinsic) dan dapat timbul dari luar diri siswa/motivasi ekstrinsik (Uzer Usman, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Motivasi instrinsik merupakan motivasi yang timbul sebagai akibat dari dalam diri individu tanpa ada paksanan dan dorongan dari orang lain, misalnya anak mau belajar karena ingin memperoleh ilmu pengetahuan atau ingin mendapatkan keterampilan tertentu, ia akan rajin belajar tanpa ada suruhan dari orang lain. Sebaliknya motivasi ekstrinsik timbul sebagai akibat pengaruh dari luar individu, apakah karena ajakan, suruhan atau paksaan dari orang lain sehingga dengan kondisi yang demikian akhirnya ia mau belajar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan rendahnya motivasi belajar siswa diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Metode mengajar guru. Metode dan cara-cara mengajar guru yang monoton dan tidak menyenangkan akan mempengaruhi motivasi belajar siswa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan kurikulum dan pengajaran yang tidak jelas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Tidak adanya relevansi kurikulum dengan kebutuhan dan minat siswa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Latar belakang ekonomi dan social budaya siswa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Sebagian besar siswa yang berekonomi lemah tidak mempunyai motivasi yang kuat untuk belajar dan melanjutkan pendidikan ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi. Contohnya siswa yang berasal dari pesisir pantai misalnya lebih memilih langsung bekerja melaut dari pada bersekolah, .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Ke</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">majuan teknologi dan informasi. Siswa hanya memanfaatkan produk teknologi dan informasi untuk memuaskan kebutuhan kesenangan saja. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Merasa kurang mampu terhadap mata pelajaran tertentu, seperti matematika, dan bahasa inggris</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Masalah pribadi siswa baik dengan orang tua, teman maupun dengan lingkungan sekitarnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"> Raymond dan Judith (2004:24) mengungkapkan ada empat pengaruh utama dalam motivasi belajar seorang anak yaitu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Budaya</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">. Masing-masing kelompok atau etnis telah menetapkan dan menyatakan secara tidak langsung nilai-nilai yang berkenaan dengan pengetahuan baik dalam pengertian akademis maupun tradisional. Nilai-nilai itu terungkap melalui pengaruh agama, undang-undang politik untuk pendidikan serta melalui harapan-harapan orang tua yang berkenaan dengan persiapan anak-anak mereka dalam hubungannya dengan sekolah. Hal–hal ini akan mempengaruhi motivasi belajar anak.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">eluarga</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">. Berdasarkan penelitian orang tua memberi pengaruh utama dalam memotivasi belajar seorang anak. Pengaruh mereka terhadap perkembangan motivasi belajar anak-anak memeberi pengaruh yang sangat kuat dalam setiap perkembangannya dan akan terus berlanjut sampai habis masa SMA dan sesudahnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">ekola</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">h. Ketika sampai pada motivasi belajar, para gurulah yang membuat sebuah perbedaan. Dalam banyak hal mereka tidak sekuat seperti orang tua. Tetapi mereka bisa membuat kehidupan sekolah mnjadi menyenangkan atau menarik. Dan kita bisa mengingat seorang guru yang memenuhi ruang kelas dengan kegembiraan dan harapan serta membukakan pintu-pintu kita untuk menemukan pengetahuan yang mengagumkan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">iri anak itu sendiri<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Murid-murid yang mempunyai kemungkinan paling besar untuk belajar dengan serius, belajar dengan baik dan masih bisa menikmati belajar, memiliki perilaku dan karakter pintar, berkualitas, mempunyai identitas, bisa mengatur diri sendiri sudah pasti mempengaruhi motivasi belajarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Ciri-ciri guru yang berkualitas dan bisa memotivasi siswa adalah guru yang melakukan hal-hal sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Menjadi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">manajer yang baik yang mampu merencanakan,mengelola, mengorganisasikan serta mengevaluasi kelasnya</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">, murid-murid akan merasa aman dan nyaman bersamanya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">fasilitator yang memperlakukan semua siswa mendapatkan kesempatan untuk belajar dan bertanggungjawab<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Memberikan pengaruh arus balik yang bersifat korektif<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Memberikan test-tes yang adil, penilaian yang bersifat informative<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Membantu murid-murid untuk menyadari bahwa mereka sedang tumbuh dalam persaingan dan keunggulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Cara-Cara menumbuhkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Hal-Hal yang Dilakukan Oleh Guru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai komponen yang secara langsung berhubungan dengan permasalah rendahnya motivasi belajar siswa, maka guru harus mengetahui beberapa hal yang bisa dilakukannya untuk menumbuhkan motivasi belajar siswa, diantaranya adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Memilih cara dan metode mengajar yang tepat termasuk memperhatikan penampilannya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Menginformasilkan dengan jelas tujuan pembelajaran yang ingin dicapai</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Menghubungkan kegiatan belajar dengan minat siswa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Melibatkan siswa secara aktif dalam kegiatan pembelajaran misalnya melalui kerja kelompok</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Melakukan evaluasi dan menginformasikan hasilnya, sehingga siswa mendapat informasi yang tepat tentang keberhasilan dan kegagalan dirinya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Melakukan improvisasi-improvisasi yang bertujuan untuk menciptakan rasa senang anak terhadap belajar. Misalnya kegiatan belajar diseling dengan bernyanyi bersama atau sekedar bertepuk tangan yang meriah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Menanamkan nilai atau pandangan hidup yang positif tentang belajar misalnya dalam agama islam belajar dipandang sebagi sebuah kegiatan jihad yang akan mendapatkan nilai amal disisi Allah. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Menceritakan keberhasilan para tokoh-tokoh dunia yang dimulai dengan mimpi-mimpi mereka dan ceritakan juga cara-cara mereka meraih mimpi-mimpi itu. Ajak siswa untuk bermimpi meraih sukses dalam bidang apa saja seperti mimpinya para tokoh dunia tersebut.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Memberikan respon positif kepada siswa ketika mereka berhasil melakukan sebuah tahapan kegiatan belajar. Respon positif ini bisa berupa pujian, hadiah, atau pernyataan-pernyataan positif laiinya. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Hal-Hal Yang Dilakukan oleh Orang Tua <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Mengontrol perkembangan belajar anak. Orang tua perlu menyediakan waktu untuk mengontrol kegiatan anak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Mengungkap harapan-harapan yang realistis terhadap anak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Menanamkan pemahaman agama yang baik khususnya yang terkait dengan motivasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Melatih anak untuk memecahkan masalahnya sendiri, orang tua melakukan pembimbingan seperlunya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Tanyakanlah keinginan dan cita-cita mereka. Berikan dukungan terhadap keingginan dan cita-cita mereka. Arahkan mereka untuk meraih cita-cita itu dengan benar.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Menggunakan hasil evaluasi yang diberikan oleh guru untuk menumbuhkan motivasi belajar selanjutnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Baru-baru ini di </span><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://metrotvnews.com/index.php/metromain/news/2010/02/23/11458/Telat-Seorang-Siswa-Disiksa" target="_blank"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">berita</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"> , terjadi lagi kekerasan di sekolah.Lantaran telat, siswa kelas I Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan NU Ungaran, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, itu, disiksa (baca ; dihukum). </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Rian dijemur di bawah terik matahari, ditendang, dan dipukul oleh Ahmad Hanik, kepala sekolah. Benar atau tidaknya berita itu wallahu’alam bissawab. Yang jelas kekerasan slalu saja hadir di area pendidikan, wajarkah ?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Sekretaris </span><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://regional.kompas.com/read/2008/10/24/14312230/Kekerasan.Siswa.Meningkat..Wapres.Minta.Komisi.Perlindungan.Anak.Tindak.Lanjuti" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">KPAI</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"> (Komite Perlindungan Anak Indonesia), Hadi Supeno menyebutkan, kecenderungan tindak kekerasan terhadap anak didik oleh gurunya di kelas semakin meningkat. Dari data yang dikompilasi oleh KPAI selama tahun 2007 dalam pemberitaan pers, terjadi 555 tindak kekerasan terhadap anak. “Dari jumlah itu, sebanyak 11,8 persennnya dilakukan oleh guru-guru di sekolahnya, sedangkan 18 persen dilakukan oleh anggota keluarga terdekat.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Secara teoritik ,<b><i> hukuman merupakan tehnik yang bisa mengontrol tingkah laku</i></b>. </span><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.bfskinner.org/BFSkinner/Home.html" target="_blank"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Skinner</span></i></a></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">(1953) membicarakan pengaruh dan hasil sampingan hukuman, dalam bukunya : </span><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.terapia-conductual-cognitiva.cl/archivos/descargas/B%20F%20Skinner%20-%20Science%20And%20Human%20Behavior.pdf" target="_blank"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Science and Human Behaviour</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">. Skinner memandang hukuman sebagai penyajian sengaja dari penguat (reinforcer) negatif. Skinner telah menemukan 3 efek hukuman terhadap orang yang dihukumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 16.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Hukuman menekan tingkah laku yang diinginkan,</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 16.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Membangunkan laku yang berlawanan sifatnya dan dibarengi perubahan fisiologis : amarah, tegang dsb.</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 16.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Memberi syarat bagi siterhukum berbuat lain dari perbuatan yang membuat dia dihukum.</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Benar atau tidak teori itu, yang jelas kita sebagai orang tua dan pendidik harus berbicara dengan hati nurani dan pikiran yang jernih ketika anak didik kita melakukan kesalahan, agar tidak ada yang dirugikan. bagaimana menurut anda ?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Meskipun sekarang zaman telah maju dan berkembang, hukuman sebagai salah satu pengendali perilaku siswa masih relevan digunakan. Hanya saja, yang menjadi penting adalah bagaimana bentuk hukuman yang efektif agar dapat mengendalikan perilaku siswa, bukan hukuman yang membuat siswa menjadi sakit hati atau merasa tidak dihargai. Untuk itu diperlukanya kebijaksanaan seorang guru dalam mengendalikan sikap dan perilaku siswa dengan pendekatan yang positif. Seorang guru harus mampu mencari dan mendayagunakan berbagai metode agar yang akan menciptakan cara-cara mendidik yang efektif<b>,</b></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">menyenangkan dan manusiawi. Jika dengan berbagai cara tidak berhasil, penjatuhan hukuman pun hrus dilakukan dengan sangat hati-hati. Untuk menjatuhkan hukuman, mungkin 13 pedoman berikut dapat dijadikan referensi bapak ibu guru sekalian dalam menjatuhkan hukuman.</span></span></div><span lang="EN-AU"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Dr. Charles Schaefer (1994) memberikan garis-garis pedoman dalam menjatuhkan hukuman, seperti berikut :</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>1. Jelas dan Terang</b></div></span> <span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Agar tidak terjadi salah pengertian dalam diri siswa mengapa dia dihukum, guru harus melakukan 3 hal yaitu, menyebutkan kesalahan yang dilakukan, menyebutkan aturan dan prinsip yang dilanggar, dan menerangkan hukuman yang harus diterima (konsekuensi negatifnya)</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>2. Menunjukan alternatif yang dapat diterima</b></div></span> <span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Hukuman dimaksudkan untuk mengajar seorang siswa mengenai hal yang tidak boleh dan boleh dilakukan. Oleh sebab itu, guru hendaknya menunjukan alternatif yang dapat diterima.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>3. Mencela tingkah laku, bukan mencela anak didik</b></div></span> <span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Hukuman dimaksudkan bukan untuk menekan perasaan siswa, namun dilakukan untuk melatih tanggung jawab siswa bersangkutan. Oleh sebab itu, hukuman atau celaan hendaknya diarahkan kepada tingkah laku bukan kepada diri anaknya. Contoh " Saya marah karena kamu tidak mengerjakan tugas ".</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>4. Konsisten</b></div></span> <span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Hukuman yang dilakukan secara tidak konsisten selain tidak efektif juga dapat berbahaya bagi perkembangan jiwa siswa dan wibawa guru. Oleh karena itu dalam menjatuhkan hukuman seorang guru harus konsisten, yakni tetap menjalankan sikap itu secara tegas. Konsisten dan tegas bukan berarti harus kaku. Aturan juga dapat berubah sewaktu-waktu atau akn lebih longgar pada kejadian-kejadian tertentu. Misalnya seorang siswa datang terlambat karena harus membantu orang yang mengalami kecelakan, maka kejadian seperti ini tidak perlu mendapat hukuman.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>5. Kumpulkan semua fakta</b></div></span> <span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">sebelum menghukum, kita hendaknya tenang, dengan pikiran jernih dan objektif. Berikan kesempatan kepada siswa untuk menceritakan apa yang telah ia lakukan. Dengan data dan fakta yang lengkap, maka kita dapat memberikan hukuman yang layak dan adil.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>6. Melakukan secepatnya</b></div></span> <span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Jangan menunda-nunda pelaksanaan hukuman . Lakukan dengan segera setelah siswa tersebut melakukan kesalahan.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>7. Melibatkan Anak</b></div></span> <span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Setelah hukuman dijatuhkan, berikan kesempatan kepada siswa untuk untuk memikirkan dan menilai sendiri kesalahanya. Jika memungkinkan, cobalah bimbing siswa untuk menentukan hukumanya sendiri. Sikap ini akan mendorong siswa untuk lebih berhati-hati dan bertanggung jawab atas perbuatan mereka sendiri.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>8. Tenang dan Objektif</b></div></span> <span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Terangkan suatu hukuman secara tenang dan objektif. hindari pemakaian nama ejekan, suara berteriak, hinaan, dan sindiran tajam. Biasanya anak-anaklebih memberi perhatian pada komunikasi hukuman yang non-verbal dari pada hukuman yang bersifat kata-kata. Hasil penyelidikan membuktikan bahwa semakin emosional kita dalam memberi hukuman, semakin keras keras hukuman yang kita bebankan. Sikap kita ketika memberi hukuman haruslah selalu mendorong siswa untuk belajar.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>9. Adil</b></div></span> <span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Untuk dapat memberikan hukuman yang adil, kita harus memiliki data-data yang lengkap mengenai pelanggaran yang dilakukan siswa. Berapa kali hal itu dilakukan oleh anak, dalam situasi dan kondisi yang seperti apa kesalahan itu dibuat. Satu yang penting kita juga harus memahami psikologi perkembangan siswa.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>10. Hindari Hukuman Ganda</b></div></span> <span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Hindari memberikan hukuman yang sama terhadap kasus yang sama.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>11. Lakukan Secara Pribadi</b></div></span> <span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Jangan meberikan hukuman didepan umum, karena pada dasarnya hukuman adalah "aib" bagi siswa. Memberikan hukuman didepan siswa lain akan menurunkan harga diri dan kehormatan siswa dimata orang lain. Dan apabila kita melakukanya, berarti kita tidak memperhatikan perasaan siswa tersebut.</div></span> <b><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;"><br />
</span></div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">12. Layak</span></b></span></div><o:p></o:p></span></b></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;"><br />
</span></div><span lang="EN-AU"><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">Hukuman dikatakan layak apabila memiliki keseimbangan antara kesalahan yang dilakukan dengan besar atau kerasnya hukuman.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;"><br />
</span></div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>13. Kehangatan</b></div></span> <span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Walaupun hukuman yang diberikan kepada siswa membuat kita marah dan jengkel, namun bukan berarti kita lakukan dengan cara kasar dan serampangan. Kehangatan dalam menjatuhkan hukuman akan melatih siswa untuk lebih bertanggung jawab atas perbuatanya sendiri secara ksatria.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Namun sekali lagi, hukuman merupakan jalan terakhir yang dapat kita ambil untuk mengendalikan perilaku siswa. Setelah berbagai cara dan metode gagal maka penjatuhan hukuman ini dapat kita lakukan dengan memperhatikan beberapa pedoman diatas.</div></span> <!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-90512825922780405942011-02-03T04:53:00.000-08:002011-02-03T04:53:15.064-08:00The Applications of Theories in TEFL Classroom Related To Some New Issues in Environment<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="http://i374.photobucket.com/albums/oo188/sugex_vai/englishcenter/teacher_English_Center.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="http://i374.photobucket.com/albums/oo188/sugex_vai/englishcenter/teacher_English_Center.jpg" width="320" /></a><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In learning, there is no domination neither learner nor teacher. Meanwhile commonly, an instructional setting is the most factors that can influence learner’s acquiring. To be a teacher, someone should master the technique that will be delivered to their students. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In TEFL Classroom, there are three kinds of aspects that must be understood, they are <i>techniques, methods, </i>and<i> approaches.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">According to Anthony (cited in Richards and Rodgers, 2001:19) there are differences between them. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">*Approach is level of theories; method is plan of language teaching which is consistent with the theories, and technique carry out a method. In other words, the arrangement of the three is that approach is axiomatic, method is procedural, and technique is implementation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">*</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">An approach is a set of assumptions (Why), a method is how to carry out these assumptions and theories (how), techniques are steps to achieve certain goals</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">*</span></b><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">An approach is a set of theories and principles, a method is the way you apply these theories and principles, and a technique is the tools and the tasks you use to make your method succeed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- Techniques</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nowadays, there are some examples of techniques used by the teacher in EFL classroom. It is related to behaviorism, nativism, interactionism, and constructivism. </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Technique is the implementation of approach and method I teaching classroom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Mackey that we wish to teach, it includes gradation because we cannot teach the whole aspect of language; we have (1975: 157), all teaching, whether good or bad, must include some sort of election, some sort gradation, some sort presentation, and some sort repetition. It includes selection because we cannot teach the whole aspect of language; we have to select the part that we wish to teach. It includes selection because we cannot teach all of what we have selected at once; we have to put something one after another. It also includes presentation because we cannot teach the language without communicating it to other people; we have to present what we have selected to others. Finally it includes repetition because we cannot make other people learn the language without repeating the materials they are learning; we have to teach language skills with practice; all skills depend on practice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">For example</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Icebreaker Technique<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">An icebreaker is an excellent way to help students learn more about and familiarize themselves with each other before learning begins.</span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><h2 style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cultural Collaboration Technique<o:p></o:p></span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Students learn English best when they hear it in the context of something they enjoy discussing, and most ELLs like to talk about their native cultures. During part of the workshop, the teacher can engage students by allowing them to communicate about their cultures in English.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><h2 style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The International Phonetic Alphabet Technique<o:p></o:p></span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This will help students learn there are significant differences between how a word is spelled and how it is pronounced. This technique also helps students who struggle with pronunciation problems when they don't have a teacher around to correct them.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">*</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Modern teaching techniques that take advantage of multiple intelligences such as musical, visual and kinetic exercises to involve all areas of the brain in effective English teaching in the ESL EFL classroom.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.8pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-Methods:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Learning style is important for teacher. Commonly, a teacher who is friendly and communicative will make learners are more relax and easy to get the information. Deciding the method depend on how teachers use the nature of the language, it also use teacher’s creativity and experience.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It is related to interactionism, and constructivism<span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.8pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Grammar Translation Method<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Grammar Translation Method goes back to the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries when foreign language learning was associated with the learning of Latin and Greek.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Although one can say that the Grammar Translation Method's contribution to foreign language learning has been very meagre, it is still one of the most popular and favourite models of language teaching.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.8pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Direct Method<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The basic tenet of the Direct Method was that second language learning is similar to first language learning. Although it became very popular at the beginning of the twentieth century, the Direct Method started to decline for its being difficult to use.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Audiolingual Method<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">With the attack on the concept of verbal behaviour (Chomsky 1959) , with the attention of linguists and language teachers to the deep structure of language (Chomsky 1965) , and with psychologists' taking account of the affective and interpersonal nature of learning (Hilgard 1963) the Audiolingual Method was doomed to failure . As a result of this, a new generation of methods emerged. David Nunan (1989) referred to these methods as designer methods which attempted to capitalize on the importance of psychological factors in language learning.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.8pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Suggestopedia<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lozanov, the founder of Sugggestopedia, believed that we are capable of learning much more than we think, provided we use our brain power and inner capacities. Relaxation and music played vital role in the method. With classical music in the background and with students sitting in comfortable seats vocabulary, readings, role-plays, and drama were presented. In this way students became suggestible.</span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Suggestopedia suffered from a major setback. What will happen if our classrooms are bereft of such amenities as comfortable seats and CD players? Evidence shows that this is indeed the case, and most classrooms lack such facilities.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.8pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Silent Way<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Silent Way rested on cognitive rather than affective arguments, and was characterized by a problem-solving approach to learning. Gattengo believed that it is in learners' best interest to develop independence and autonomy and cooperate with each other in solving language problems. The name of the method comes from the fact that the teacher keep silent and refuses to explain everything to learners.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Silent way came under attack on account of the teacher being distant and the classroom environment not being conducive to learning.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Communicative Language Teaching</span></b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The basic premises of this approach include:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Focusing on all of the components of communicative competence: grammatical, functional, pragmatic.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Viewing fluency and accuracy as complementary principles underpinning communicative techniques.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Using the language in unrehearsed contexts<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite its great appeal, Communicative Language Teaching has not overcome the psychological barriers which cripple learners and hinder the learning process. Unfortunately, although it is currently in use, teachers quickly get bored and resort to the old the Grammar Translation Method.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Bottom-Up Approach: Theoretical Description<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Bottom-Up Approach is based on motivation theory in second language learning. As Dornyei (2001: 116) notes, "… teacher skills in motivating learners should be seen as central to teaching effectiveness." Experience has proved that fear of speaking in public in a foreign language and lack of privacy eliminates motivation of language learning. Tuckman (1969, quoted in Argyle 1969) thinks that a group goes through four stages from its formation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.8pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-Approaches:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Approach is a base how teacher decide the teaching technique. In this case there are view of the nature of language, namely: the structural view (language as a system of structurally related element), the functional view (language as vehicle for expression of functional meaning), and interactional view (language is a vehicle for the realization and social interaction between individuals.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Finally, it will produce different methods in language teaching. But assumptions about the nature language in themselves are not complete and need to be supported by theories about teaching and learning. From assumption about language learning, a method will be developed; there can be many methods within one approach.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.8pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kinds:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Integrated-Skill Approaches<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">An integrated approach to the use of literature offers learners strategies to analyse and interpret language in context in order to recognize not only how language is manipulated but also why.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">An integrated approach to the use of literature in the language classroom offers foreign language learners the opportunity to develop not only their linguistic and communicative skills but their knowledge about language in all its discourse types.</span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.8pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Functional approaches<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The focus on communication inherent in the practice of functional exponents has contributed greatly to communicative language teaching in general. However, there is little doubt that functional approaches have contributed a great deal to the overall store of language teaching methodology. Most new course-books contain some kind of functional syllabus alongside a focus on grammar and vocabulary, thus providing learners with communicatively useful expressions in tandem with a structured syllabus with a clear sense of progression.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.8pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Reader- Response approach<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Reader-Response approach moves the focus of reading from the author and text to the reader. The approach treats the creation of meaning as inseparable from the act of reading. (For more on the Reader-Response approach, see Schultz 2001, 6–10.)</span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-----------------------------------------------------****-------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A bunch of grateful to the owners of:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://esl.about.com/od/esleflteachingtechnique/ESL_EFL_Teaching_Techniques_and_Strategies.htm"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://esl.about.com/od/esleflteachingtechnique/ESL_EFL_Teaching_Techniques_and_Strategies.htm</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/pta_april_05_am.php"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/pta_april_05_am.php</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.8pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Savvidou-Literature.html"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Savvidou-Literature.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.8pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.onestopenglish.com/support/methodology/teaching-approaches/teaching-approaches-functional-approaches-in-efl/-esl/146492.article"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://www.onestopenglish.com/support/methodology/teaching-approaches/teaching-approaches-functional-approaches-in-efl/-esl/146492.article</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.8pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/1054221"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/1054221</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.8pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.pdf-finder.com/The-Formeaning-Response-Approach:-Poetry-in-the-EFL-Classroom.html"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://www.pdf-finder.com/The-Formeaning-Response-Approach:-Poetry-in-the-EFL-Classroom.html</span></a></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-38944871237897641242011-02-03T04:07:00.000-08:002011-02-03T04:07:24.427-08:00Materi kuliah<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDhlVN5BaVkwnez9CFCdTgaxy7-u8EEdha-Ydq6ZlfnWOuUMdK9ivAfmWaqcI_-gzwwx-CRmUtQ6fIwFyeoZwIjYOZVLAYLCZdBsS7srHV2kEkd2RBZsoCFU9bjEk2eUFbx4SYSTkBu1Q/s1600/images+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDhlVN5BaVkwnez9CFCdTgaxy7-u8EEdha-Ydq6ZlfnWOuUMdK9ivAfmWaqcI_-gzwwx-CRmUtQ6fIwFyeoZwIjYOZVLAYLCZdBsS7srHV2kEkd2RBZsoCFU9bjEk2eUFbx4SYSTkBu1Q/s1600/images+%25282%2529.jpg" /></a>Hallou everybody!</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Now, I akan men-share beragam materi kuliah bagi mahasiswa jurusan Bahasa dan sastra Inggris, khususnya program pendidikan! artikel-artikel ini saya peroleh dari hasil searching dengan bantuan mas google. sebenarnya materinya cukup googleable alias super mudah ditemukan lewat google(lagi-lagi google), tapi milah-milihnya itu loh yang kadang negebingungin, tau-tau ujung-ujungnya kagak nyambung sama sekali. huft, repot deh. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ok, tampang banyak oceh lagi, ini tak tawari beragam materi untuk kuliah. anyway, ini hanya untuk memudahkan aku dan kalian, gak da maksud buat ngejual alias or a.k.a maksud komersil, ntar om Piaget ato Chomsky marah(nah lho??gajebo banget yak?)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">These are them! tada!!!</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ilmu Alam Dasar</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Introduction to research</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Intro to Functional Grammar</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Intro to literature</div><div style="text-align: justify;">ELT method</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Language Culture and society</div><div style="text-align: justify;">EMS</div><div style="text-align: justify;">LLTT</div><div style="text-align: justify;">EPP</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Reading</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Writing</div><div style="text-align: justify;">and so on...!!!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">eits, tunggu dulu,</div><div style="text-align: justify;">semua materi di atas akan saya sebar dalam side bar "CATEGORIES",</div><div style="text-align: justify;">jadi sabar yak mengeklik and mengeklik mlulu, ilmu emang butuh perjuangan boy! tul gak?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">ya dah, see ya!</div><div style="text-align: justify;">met milah-milih, copas-copis(copis???)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">best regard!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Miss Fitri</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-15246017190240517582011-02-02T21:11:00.000-08:002011-02-02T21:11:17.684-08:00Just say hello!Hello students!<br />
welcome to my site,<br />
Di sini kalian bisa membaca materi-materi tentang Bahasa Inggris demi memudahkan pembelajaran dan pemahamannya.Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5883935654760928800.post-16490057329632229582011-02-02T03:52:00.000-08:002011-02-02T21:01:16.719-08:00tentang saya_freestylewriting^^<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Assalaamu’alaikuum!<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Baiklah, kalian mesti </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">rela</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(terlalu terpaksa) membaca tulisan-tulisanku lagi. Bukannya kenapa sih, hanya saja.... Aku senang...!!! ^o^terima kasih, terima kasih, terima kasih(dengan gaya pangeran charles lagi jalan di karpet merah<emang gitu yak?>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ok, jangan basa-basi dan ini memang bukan basa-basi. Kali ini i mau cerita nih, gak jauh-jauh sih... Cuma sekilas tentang masa kecilku(ceileee). Yap, masa kecil. Sebelumnya, i mo tanya nih, kalian pada pernah punya mimpi masa kecil gak??? Ya..minimal mimpi bisa beli kelereng(lho?!). Kalo gak ada, waaaah brarti gak p’nah bobo’. Hehe kidding. Maksudnya, kalo gak pernah punya mimpi, berarti masa kecilnya kudu diulang deh. Hehe, kidding lagi. Ok, mari kita berserius ria.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Waktu kecil nih, i mimpinya (tada!!!) Mo jadi astronot. Hah?!. Iya, i mimpi mo jadi penyusul mas neil armstrong. Dan tau gak, waktu kecil tuh, aku selalu menghapal n mempelajari segala hal yang berbau astronomi. Pokoke, dari pagi ampe pagi lagi(bo’ong banget), aku rela melototin buku astronomi. Noh, di lemari yang berdiri rapi di sudut rumah di kampung kecilku(lebay yak =3) buaanyak buanget buku astronomi, kimia, n bahasa inggeris. Ckckck, kalo gak salah, waktu itu aku masih berumur 5 tahunan. Yap masih seuprit banget. Aku seneng ngebongkar buku-buku kakakku. Dan menemukan buku kimia, kalo gak salah...judulnya “mengenal larutan elektrolit”. Langsung deh ta’ buka-buka, dan apa yang terjadi!, tak lama setelah itu, kepalaku puyeng n keringat dingin meluncur!!! Fiuuh. Kasihan anak orang. Oh iya, kalo gak salah, aku baru pinter baca tuh sejak umur kurang dari 4 tahun. And buku favoritku... Semuanya! Aku suka semuanya!Termasuk buku larutan itu. Seingatku, aku jadi phobia sama buku itu, n aku menyimpannya sambil menepuk-nepuknya, “nanti ya, tunggu waktunya, aku akan membacamu!”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Okeh, kembali ke laptop. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Waktu ntu, aku mengoleksi banyak buku astronomi. Sampai-sampai aku hampir hapal semua nama tokohnya. Dan yang paling aku senangi sampai sekarang tuh...hm, Yuri Gagarin. Oya, aku juga paling senang teriak-teriak di depan tipi kalo pas acara “Who wants to be a millionaire”. Wuiih...seolah-olah aku yang duduk di situ. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Okeh, kita pindah topik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aku akan cerita semua tentang aku sejak lahir sampai sekarang. Aku adalah seorang gadis periang yang seneng nyanyi, loncat-loncat, n lari ke sana kemari. Aku senang berteman dengan siapa saja, aku senang bermain sampai jauh, sampai-sampai kakakku mesti nyari ke mana-mana. Hehe (maap yak Kakakku yg paling tampan). Aku anak ketiga dari tiga bersaudara, tapi formalnya, aku anak kedua dari dua bersaudara. (maksudnya???). Aku punya kakak cowok, ganteng banget, tapi beliau gak panjang umur. Dan...tinggallah aku dan kakak keduaku, cowok juga. Jadilah kakakku itu yang paling ganteng. Hm, lanjut! Waktu kecil aku senang main masak-masakan, saras-saras-an(inget pilem jadul itu kan??Kan??), rumah-rumahan, n sekolah-sekolahan, sebenernya masih banyak, tp aku ingetnya cm ini. Yg paling berkesan itu, sekolah-sekolahan! Yap, aku yg jadi gurunya. Aku males banget ma temen-temen aku kalo dikasi penjumlahan aja gak ngerti. Huf!. Jadi deh, aku sering jadi guru yang sepihak. Aku lebih seneng sama muridku yang gampang ngerti. Kalo main saras-sarasan, pasti aku yang jadi sarasnya. Yah, intinya, dari masa kecilku, akulah yang paling egois, paling mau berkuasa. Hahha!(jangan dicontoh yak!)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bidanku(tanteku sendiri), sering bilang kalo aku anak yang kecerdasannya di atas rata-rata anak di daerah itu. Yap...terbukti sih (sombong buanget!). Aku pinter baca dari usia 4 tahunan, aku bisa membaca buku-buku ringan. Aku juga sudah bisa menghitung sederhana n menggambar. Apalagi nyanyi! Aku hapal banyak lagu, bahkan jadi biduan tanteku! Aku disuruh nyanyi mulu sih...! Dan yang paling menyenangkan, aku disukai semua orang, aku bebas tanpa beban n aku merasa hidupku sempurna. Yeah!<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Semua berjalan dengan ceria, menyenangkan, dan indah. Sampai suatu waktu...aku mulai “merasa aneh”.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Banyak hal ganjil dalam hidupku, salah satunya, aku tidak merasakan keceriaan bercanda dengan kakakku. Aku “kehilangan” dia. Saat lulus SMA, dia sudah merantau. Dan aku merasa kesepian, seorang diri. Aku pun tidak pernah merasakan kasih sayang kakek nenek, yah, aku hampir tidak pernah bertemu mereka hingga mereka kembali kepada-Nya. Dan...yang paling melukai perasaan, aku melihat orangtuaku tak pernah akur. Dan juga...perekonomian keluargaku memburuk, bahkan terpuruk! Aku tidak bisa menceritakan <b>lebih mendalam</b> keadaan yang beberapa kali menimpa keluargaku ini, sebab semuanya terlalu berat, sedangkan menceritakannya berarti mengingatnya, dan hal itu akan membuatku mengenangnya, lalu menangis. Pastinya aku tidak ingin mengenang-ngenangnya lagi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sejak saat itulah ibuku mulai bekerja sebagai penjahit. Dan...kata-katanya saat itu, yang selalu ditanyakan padaku, “nak...kau tidak malu kan punya ibu tukang jahit?”, aku selalu menjawab dengan semangat(sebagaimana semangat anak usia 5 tahunan) “tidak Ibu!”, singkat plus senyum.lalu ibu akan memelukku. Erat sekali.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aku kemudian masuk ke salah satu sekolah dasar yang tak jauh dari rumahku, yang mana terpampang di gerbang mungilnya, SD 82 Mannagae. Sebenarnya aku masih belum boleh masuk SD, karena usiaku masih 5 tahun, sedangkan di kampungku mesti tujuh tahun biar bisa masuk SD. Tapi aku diikutkan saja. Dan di sana aku kembali jadi juaranya. Awalnya sih aku juara 2, dikalahkan oleh Aidil Akbar, salah seorang kawan sekampungku. Tapi, itu Cuma di caturwulan pertama! Untuk selanjutnya, aku yang jadi juaranya! Hehehe, rangking satu terus menerus sampai kelas 6. Aku selalu dapat beasiswa yang menutupi BP3-ku, dan akhirnya aku menjadi lulusan terbaik di SD ku. Hehehe(lagi). Trus...aku masuk SMPN 1 LILIRILAU, di sana aku terpengaruh pergaulan, aku ikut hidup happy-happy teman-teman. Dan...prestasiku menurun, tapi aku masuk kelas khusus meskipun aku dapat rangkingnya dengan urutan 10, 6, 4,2, 2,2 . Tapi yang menjadi hadiah berharga saat itu adalah aku dapet peringkat 30 nasional dari lomba bahasa Inggris tertulis, yang kebetulan saat itu sekolahku diikutsertakan. Dan...aku lagi-lagi berada di antara lulusan-lulusan terbaik! Aku juga msih ingat, wali kelasku, Ibu hasna, merekomendasikanku agar melanjutkan ke SMA Tauladan yang juga bertaraf internasional, SMA Negeri 2 Tinggi Moncong(Malino). Tapi, aku melanjutkan ke SMA Negeri 1 Watansoppeng. Di sana juga banyak cerita! Happy juga, tapi sedih juga, hiks hiks. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Okeh, silahkan di simak,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aku masuk menjadi peserta pelajar berpakaian putih abu-abu, yang culun. Hehe. Agak tomboy, dan merasa sok pinter. Tapi...lagi-lagi aku jadi murid kesayangan. Meskipun saat semester 1 aku dapat peringkat 2, tapi selanjutnya aku dapat peringkat satu kelas...dan peringkat umum 5, 2, 1 dan berakhir dengan juara umum satu! ^^, aku dapat beasiswa salah satu bank ternama di Indonesia serta beasiswa karena aku salah satu siswa kelas khusus di SMA tersebut. Waktu itu aku juga dapat tawaran kelas khusus LPMP di Makassar, tapi orang tua kurang menyetujui, jadinya aku kelas khusus di sekolah saja. Yang paling berkesan waktu itu yakni, saat pak Harimi, guru bahasa Inggrisku, menjadi penyalur hidayah hingga aku berjilbab...tepat saat aku kelas X semester dua...<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">oya, aku juga direkomendasikan ikut beasiswa untuk UNHAS, tapi ini adalah penyesalan...aku tidak mempedulikannya, aku menyia-nyiakannya... maafkan aku ya Kak Awal telah merepotkanmu. satu lagi yg kusia-siakan, yakni bimbel gratis Gadjahmada, yak, aku lolos seleksi tapi aku nda ikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Di antara siswa-siswi yang mengajariku makna kompetisi, dari kelas 1 SD hingga XII SMA yakni,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SD : Aidil Akbar <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SMP : Andi’ Ayu Fitriana, Andi’ Erni, Hendri Soevandi, Rusdianto<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SMA : kelas X ;Ummul Khaer Luqman, Ridwansyah, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> kelas XI-XII; Waliana Mappa, Umrah Fajrin, Hasnaeni, Reskiyana, Adnani Yuni, Nur Ani, Fitriani, Yulansari Oktaviana, Apriyani, Musniati, Hasriadi Hasbullah dan...Sri Yuliani^^<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kalian manusia cerdas!<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dan....! sekarang aku di UNJ!!! Jauh dari kalian!, hiks...<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">oyah, ada banyak kisah sedih juga, tapi aku nda nulis sekarang soal’a aku nda mau mengenangnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> bersambung...</o:p></span></div>Miss Fitrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12953137690974169351noreply@blogger.com0